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1、PART1-FederalismOriginsandFeaturesdefinitionoffederalstate–whatisCanada?•powerisdividedbetweentwoormorelevelsofgovernmentthatarecoordinate(equalinstatus)andautonomous•dejurefederalstaterequiresawrittenandentrenchedconstitutionaldivisionofpowersadjudic

2、atedbyaneutralarbiter•vs.defactofedstatewhereitoperatesassuchbutisnotlegallyguaranteed•inCanada:b/wfedgov’tandprovinces?–dejurefederalinthatlevelsofgov’tarecoordinateandautonomous,butdefactoNOTfederalinthattherestillremainsthedisallowancepowerwhichmak

3、esitmorehierarchicalthancoordinate(quasiconstitutional)Stevenson(p77)–hierarchicalreltb/wWestminsterandOttawaandreplicatedthisb/wOttawaandprovinces;expectedCanadatoremainasupervisedcolonytfexpectedsubordination,notcoordination(Concl:provincesarenotleg

4、allyautonomousb/csubjecttofeddisallowanceBUTconstitutionalconventionthatthispowerwillnotbeused,tfdefacto–canbeusedintheorybutnotinpractice)b/wprovincesandmunicipalities?–NO,mun.arenotguaranteedintheconst.,theyfallunderprovjurisdinS92,tfallunderprov.de

5、legationandveryhierarchicalb/wfedgov’tandterritories?–NO,similarreltb/wprovandmuni;territorieshavenoguaranteedconstitutionallyprotectedpower,everythingtheyhaveisthroughdelegatedauthority;butdefactointhattheyoperatesimilarlytoprovincesb/waboriginalgov’

6、tandfed/provgov’ts?–NO,morepaternalbutworkingtowardsthis(ie.policing,ownculturalbeliefs);stillstatutorilyregulatedbyfedgov’tbutthroughthetreatyprocesstheycanbecomeentrenchedandmayincludeselfgoverningpowers–willleadtonewfederalreltinvolving3levelsofgov

7、’treasonsforadoptingafederalstate(Stevenson77-79;Silver83-7)•dissatisfactionwithanddysfunctionofunitedCanadianlegislature(b/wupperandlowerCanada)•FrenchCanadianresistancetoaunitarystate;insistenceonautonomyasameansofpreservingcultural,religiousandling

8、uisticdifference•desireinNBandNStopreservelocalinstitutions•strongregionalinterestsmakelegislativeunion(unitarystate)impossible,tfformationoffederalism(Aside–thepreservationofminorityrightswasabigreasonforthisandwetakeitforgranted–thisisnotasi