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1、3MAKINGREPETITIONINTERESTINGEffectivelearningofaforeignlanguagedependscruciallyonrepetition.Butrepetitionisboring.Sooneofthemostimportantgoalsofforeignlanguageteachingistomakerepetitioninteresting.1.Thestagesoflearningnewlanguageitemsa)Fromdependencetoin
2、dependenceIt’snotthatlearnersmovefrom‘notknowing’to‘knowing’,butratherfrom‘notknowingatall’to‘noticing’to‘knowingifyouremindandsupportthem’andfinallyto‘knowingontheirown’(Vygotzky,1978).b)FrompassiverecognitiontoactiveproductionLearnersnormallyachievepas
3、sivemastery(recognizingsomethingwhentheyseeit,butwouldn’thavebeenabletoproduceitontheirown)beforetheyachieveactivemastery.So,puttinga)andb)abovetogether,we’retalkingaboutatleastfourstagesinthegradualacquisitionofnewlanguageitems:1.Thelearnerperceivesand‘
4、notices’thenewitem,withhelp2.Thelearnercanrecognizeitonlyifhelped,can’tproduce3.Thelearnercanrecognizeitonhis/herown,butcanproduceonlyifhelped4.Thelearnercanbothrecognizeandproduceitonhis/herownWhatcanwelearnfromtheresearch?a)Adults/adolescentsneedbetwee
5、n6and16encounterswithanewwordbeforetheyrememberit(Zaharetal.,2001).Youngerlearnersprobablyneedevenmore.b)‘Distributed’practiceisprobablybetterthan‘massed’(Baddeley,1990).Soprobablyweneedtodoanimmenseamountofdeliberatere-cyclingofnewlanguage(letters,sound
6、s,words,‘chunks’,grammaticalstructures).Thisrecycling,orrepetition,needstobescattered(‘distributed’),notallinonego.Soweshouldbeleadingconstant‘cumulative’reviewexercises.Interimsummary:repetitionatthevariouslevelsoflearning1.Noticingsimpledisplay;picture
7、sandexplanation;(significant)occurrenceinastory;chants,songs2.Recognitionmatching;true/false;classifying;multiplechoice;drawing;‘bingo’3.‘Scaffolded’Production3recitations;dialogueslearntbyheart;(prepared)dictation;gamesbasedonsetbasicpatterns;answering(
8、lower-level)questions4.IndependentProduction(unprepared)dictation;responsetoapicture;answering(higher-level)questions;discussion;freewriting3.TheproblemofinterestInterest-creatingfeatures·Variety·Purposefulmeaning-making(c
