科学论文写作

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1、ChemicalࣅბཚრNewsletterHowtoWriteaScientificPaper*ByGeorgeM.WhitesidesDepartmentofChemistryandChemicalBiology,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA02138,USA੔ბஃ࿔ႀፕ*ᇱዸ˖GeorgeM.Whitesides(ெࡔ)ᅳኁ˖ቧထˈଠኾࢢWhatisascientificpaper?Apaperisanorganizedߚⱘᘏ㒧DŽ᳔᳝ᬜ⥛ⱘخ⊩ᰃঞᯊⱘ⧚㾷ˈߚᵤˈᘏ㒧ˈᔶ៤

2、؛descriptionofhypotheses,dataandconclusions,intended䇈˗㗠ϡᰃㄝࠄᅠ៤ᯊᠡᓔྟᬊ䲚੠ᭈ⧚᭄᥂DŽtoinstructthereader.Papersareacentralpartofresearch.Thereasonforoutlines.IemphasizethecentralplaceIfyourresearchdoesnotgeneratepapers,itmightjustasofanoutlineinwritingpapers,preparingse

3、minars,andwellnothavebeendone.¯Interestingandunpublishedāisplanningresearch.Iespeciallybelievethatforyou,andequivalentto¯non-existent.āforme,itismostefficienttowritepapersfromoutlines.ҔМᰃ⾥ᡔ䆎᭛˛⾥ᡔ䆎᭛ᰃ䲚؛䇈ǃ᭄᥂੠㒧䆎ЎϔԧAnoutlineisawrittenplanoftheorganizationofapaper,

4、ⱘὖᣀᗻᦣ䗄ˈҹℸ৥䇏㗙䆎䗄DŽ䆎᭛ᰃⷨおᎹ԰ⱘЁᖗ䚼ߚDŽincludingthedataonwhichitrests.Youshould,infact,བᵰԴⱘⷨお≵᳝ݭ៤䆎᭛ˈгህㄝৠѢ≵᳝خⷨおDŽ᳝ᛣНthinkofanoutlineasacarefullyorganizedandpresentedԚ≵᳝থ㸼ˈㄝৠѢϡᄬ೼DŽsetofdata,withattendantobjectives,hypothesesandRealizethatyourobjectiveinresearchistoformulat

5、econclusions,ratherthananoutlineoftext.andtesthypotheses,todrawconclusionsfromthesetests,ЎҔМ㽕ݭ᭛䆎೼㒆ᦤ䇗ᔎ㽕䞠䖭೼៥˛㒆ᦤݭ԰ˈޚ໛andtoteachtheseconclusionstoothers.Yourobjectiveis᡹ਞҹঞⷨお䅵ߦЁⱘ䞡㽕԰⫼DŽ៥ᇸ݊Ⳍᣝ✻ᦤ㒆䖯㸠notto¯collectdata.āݭ԰ᇍ៥Ӏ໻ᆊ䛑ᰃ᳔᳝ᬜⱘᮍ⊩DŽᦤ㒆ᰃϔ㆛䆎᭛ⱘ㸠᭛䅵㽕ᛣ䆚ࠄⷨおⱘⳂⱘᰃЎњᔶ៤ᑊ䆕ᅲ؛䇈ˈҢϔѯ

6、⌟䆩ߦˈᑨ䆹ࣙᣀ䆎᭛᠔ձ䴴ⱘ᭄᥂DŽџᅲϞˈᦤ㒆ϡҙҙᰃ߫ߎЁᕫߎ㒧䆎ˈᑊᡞ㒧䆎Ӵᥜ㒭߿ҎDŽԴⱘⷨおⳂⱘϡᰃㅔऩⱘ৘↉ⱘݙᆍˈ㗠ᰃᣝ✻Ⳃⱘˈ؛䇈ˈ㒧䆎ᴹ㊒ᖗ㒘㒛᭄᥂DŽᬊ䲚᭄᥂DŽAnoutlineitselfcontainslittletext.IfyouandIcanApaperisnotjustanarchivaldeviceforstoringagreeonthedetailsoftheoutline(thatis,onthedataandacompletedresearchprogram,itisalsoa

7、structureorganization),thesupportingtextcanbeassembledfairlyforplanningyourresearchinprogress.Ifyouclearlyeasily.Ifwedonotagreeontheoutline,anytextisuseless.understandthepurposeandformofapaper,itcanbeMuchofthetimeinwritingapapergoesintothetext;mostimmenselyu

8、sefultoyouinorganizingandconductingyourofthethoughtgoesintotheorganizationofthedataandresearch.Agoodoutlineforthepaperisalsoagoodplanintotheanalysis.Itcanberelativelyefficienttogothroughforthere