弗兰纳里·奥康纳短篇小说中女性身份危机初探

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摘要弗兰纳里·奥康纳短篇小说中女性身份危机初探英语语言文学硕士研究生：刘琴指导教师：蒙雪琴摘要弗兰纳里·奥康纳(1925-1964)是美国二战后杰出的女作家，她被公认为继福克纳后著名的南方作家，并且与第二代南方女作家如卡森·麦卡勒斯，尤多拉·韦尔蒂和凯瑟琳·安·波特等齐名。在短暂的一生里，她创作了两部长篇小说《智血》(1952)、《暴力夺取》(1960)和三十一篇短篇小说，部分收录在《好人难寻》(1955)以及死后才被整理出版收录了全部短篇小说的《奥康纳小说全集》(1965)。作为二战后美国文学史上非常独特的女作家，她的作品受到了许多评论家和读者的喜爱。南方性，宗教性和女性身份是奥康纳身上三个独特的标志。自从作品出版以来，就引发了国内外评论家多层面的解读。而这些解读主要集中在她的宗教性、神学立场，哥特式风格和女性主义上。由于国内很少有论文研究她对南方女性身份认同危机的关心，所以本文主要从她女性作家的身份考虑，通过对作品的分析，来阐述奥康纳作品中女性身份危机的不同表现及所处的困境，来表现奥康纳作为女性作家对南方女性身份危机的关心。本文的第一章分析了奥康纳小说中常见的女性模式，她们是被惩罚的母亲们。其中一类是极具男性气质的女性，还有一类是永远活在过去不能接受现实的女性，她们在时代的变迁中无法正确的自我定位，无法形成完整的自我身份，她们的悲剧结局是必然的。第二章分析奥康纳笔下叛逆的女儿们。她们受过很高的教育，是新生的一代，她们初受女性意识觉醒的启发，极力想摆脱传统身份赋予的枷锁，却由于自身局限性，在现实生活中显得不伦不类。母亲和女儿们殊途同归的命运暗示了她们在构建完整的自我身份时要有很长的路要走。第三章探讨了这些经历身份危机的女性们陷入的生存困境。她们在自我身份的构建过程中受到来自自己的质疑，也受到来自外界男权社会的冲突。在和男权社会抗争的过程中，她们异变成理想的他者，自我的他者，最终走向无法解脱的困境。 婴型壁翌奎兰堡主堂垡笙茎奥康纳以一种不带浪漫色彩的感受关注着南方女性，她用独特的视角挑战着南方传统的价值观，即使被指责为“厌女”患者，她始终尝试着为现代女性提供一种救赎方式，如何构建身份认同，成为真实而完整的人，始终是她最关心的问题。关键词：奥康纳奥康纳小说女性身份危机Ⅱ OnIdentityCrisesofFemaleinFlannery0’Connor’SShortMACandidate：LiuqinStoriesAbstractAdvisor：MengXueqinFlannery0’Connor(1925-1964)，asafamousfemalewriterafterthe嗍I，wasregardedasafabulousSouthernwriterafterWilliamFaulknerandenjoyedahighreputationassomeofthenewgenerationofSouthernWomenwriters，suchasCarsonMcCullers，EudoraWeltyaswellasKatherineAnnePorter．O’Connor’SworksareimbuedwithGothicstylefromherSouthernidentityandreligiousatmospherefromherCatherinecharacter．Intheshortcourseoflife，shewrotetwonovels：WishBlood(1952)，TheVioletBearitAway(1960)and31peacesofshortstories，whicharepartlyincludedinacollection，namedAGoodManisHardtoFind(1955)．Thereisalsoacollectionincludingallhershortstories，namedTheCompleteStories(1965)whichwaspublishedposthumously．Asauniquefemalewriterafterwar,herworksinitiatedalotcontroversyamongcriticsandreaders．Threedistinctlabelson0’ConnorareSouthernCharacteristic，ReligionandherFemaleIdentitywhich，afterthepublicationofherworks，areinterpretedbyalotofcriticsathomeandabroad．However,theseinterpretationsarefocusedmostlyonherreligiousview,thegrotesqueimagesandfeminism．Therearefewthesesathomefocusedontheperspectiveoffemaleidentitycrises，SOthispaper,throughanalyzingherworksandcombiningthesocialbackgroundatthattime，ismainlyonO’Connor’SconcernsaboutthecrisesofthefemaleidentityinherworksandintheⅢ 四川师范大学硕士学位论文society,thetypesoftwistedfemaleidentities，andtheaphasiaofthesefemaleunderthepatriarchalsociety．Thefirstchapterfocusesonthenormalfemaleimagespatternswhoarethepunishedmothers．Oneofthemalethelonelymasculinewomenandtheotheronearetheselfishfogyishwomenwholivedinthepastgloriouslife．Intheprecessingofchanging，theycouldnotfindthecorrectselvesandhavecompleteidentities，nowondertheywouldhaveatragicending．Thesecondchapter,byanalyzing0’Connor’Sworks，focusesonthefi-ustrateddaughters．Someofthemwerehighlyeducatedbuttriedhardtoget耐ofthecontrolofthetraditionalroles．SomeofthemwereintheprocessingofobtainingcorrectselfidentitieseventhoughtherewereSOmanyobstructionssetbythepatriarchalsociety．Itwouldbealongwaytoconstructthecompleteidentities．Thelastchapterdealswiththeaphasiaofthesetwistedwomeninthepatriarchalsociety．They,encounteringthedoubts舶mthemselvesandalsotheconflicts舶mthepatriarchalsociety,hadnopowerofdiscourseata11．Intheprocessoffightingwiththeoutsidethreatens，theybecametheMealothersandtheothersofthemselves，immersingintothepermanentdilemma．0’Connor,thoughnotatypicalfeminist，isneveramisogynist．Intheandrocentricsociety,sheexpressedherconcernoffemaleidentityoutofstrongsocialresponsibilityinauniqueway．Howtoobtainthecorrectidentitiesandtobeacompletehumanbeingwouldbetheultimateissuethat0’Connorconcerned．KeyWords：Flannery0’Connor，0’Connor’Sshortstories，femaleidentitycrisesIV Contents摘要⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯IABSTRACT·⋯⋯··⋯·⋯··⋯⋯·⋯⋯·⋯··⋯·⋯·⋯··⋯·⋯··⋯·⋯⋯⋯·⋯··⋯⋯·⋯·⋯·⋯⋯⋯···⋯IIIIntroduction⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯lChapterOneThePunishedMothersintheFamily‘·············-·······-···························91．1LonelyMasculineWomen⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··91．2SelfishFogyishWomen。·⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯'⋯⋯⋯·⋯·⋯·⋯·⋯··⋯⋯·⋯·⋯·⋯·⋯⋯·⋯t15ChapterTwoTheFrustratedDaughtersintheFamily‘··········································‘212．1RebelliousDaughters⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·‘212．2ThePerplexedDaughters⋯·⋯·····⋯-·⋯·⋯··⋯·⋯·⋯。⋯·⋯··⋯··⋯·⋯···⋯⋯·⋯⋯··24ChapterThreeTheAphasiaofFemaleCharacters。················································‘293．1TheAphasiaofFemalecharactersintheFamily⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·293．2TheAphasiaofFemalecharactersintheSociety⋯⋯t⋯⋯··⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯·⋯35Conelusrion⋯⋯⋯-⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·。39Bibliography⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··⋯⋯·⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··43Acknowledgments⋯⋯⋯-⋯···⋯⋯·⋯··⋯⋯··‘⋯-·⋯⋯··⋯⋯⋯··⋯⋯⋯····⋯⋯···⋯·-⋯⋯‘⋯··46V 四川师范大学硕士学位论文VI IntroductionFlanneryO’Connor(1925—1964)，asasoutherncatholicfemalewriterinAmerica，isregardedasthegreatestshortstorytellerafterWWII．①SomecriticsevenconsiderherasthemostimportantwriterasWilliamFaulknerinAmericansoutllernliterature．Borninacatholicfamily,0’ConnorspentherchildhoodinSavannah，Georgiaforthefirsttwelveyearsofherlife．ShewenttoSt．Vincent’Sschoolforstudying，andattendedthePeabodyLaboratorySchoolafterherfamilymovedtoMilledgeville．Shespent3yearsthere，andaftergraduationshewenttoGeorgiaStateCollegeforWomen．In1941，whenshewas15，shelostherdearestfatherwhowaslovedbyO’Connorverymuch．WhenO’Connorstartedhercareerasawriter,shewasdiagnosedwithsystemiclupuserythematosus，whichcausedherfather’Sdeath．Mostherworkswerewroteduringthecourseofillness．OnAugust3，1964，shediedinhospitalattheageof39．Inhershortlife，0’Connorcreatedtwonovelsand31shortstories．Flannery0’Connor’Sfirstpublishedworkwas”TheGeranium”inAccentin1946whichwasasuccessatthattime．WishBlood,herfirstnovelwaspublishedin1952，thenfollowedbyherfirstshort—storycollectionAGoodManIsHardtoFindin1955．Andin1960，hersecondnovelTheHolentBearItAwaycameintothepublic．AndhersecondshortstoriescollectionEverythingThatRisesMustConvergewaspublishedposthumouslyin1965．Hernon-fictionandletterswerecollectedbyFitzgeraldinMysteryandManners：OccasionalProsein1969andTheHabitofBeing：LettersofFlannery0’Connorin1979．AllhershortstorieswerecollectedinTheCompleteStoriesin1971，whichwonNationalBookAwardposthumouslyin。Getz,LorineM．Flannery0’Connor,Herrife,Library,andBookReviews叫】．NewYork：E．MellenPress，1980 四川师范大学硕士学位论文1972．Akhoughwithasmallbodyofworks，0’Connorgotmanyrewards，containingthreetimesofO’HenryFirstPrizesfortheshortstoriesin1956，1963and1964．ShewasawardedaninauguralhonoreeintoGeorgiaWomenofAchievementin1992，notmentiontoomuch．Shewasawriterwithgenius，nowonderFitzgeraldoncecommendedherthat“shewasagirlwhostartedwithagiftforcartooningandsatire，andfoundinherselfafargreatergift，uniqueinhertimeandplace，amarvel．"(Fitzgerald，118)andElizabethBishopadmiredthat“IamsureherfewbookswillliveonandoninAmericanliterature．"(qtd．inRobertGiroux，xvi)Evenafterthedeath，O’Connorgotincreasingattentionathomeandabroad．Numerousbooksofcriticismandcriticalessayshasappearedsinceherdeath．Asherfriend，FitzgeraldsensitivelyrealizedthatFlanneryO’Connor“continuedtobeincreasinglyreadandstudiedinuniversities，whilemonographs，articlesandbooksonherworkappearedingrowingnumbers”(Fitzgerald，11)．ScholarathomenamedSuYuxiaoinXiamenUniversitysummarizedalmostallthecriticsonO’Connorinhalfacentury．Shedividedthecriticsintothreeperiods：theearlyperiod，thetimewhenO’ConnorWasalive；themiddleperiod(fromherdeathin1964tothepublicationofTheCompleteStoriesin1988)andthelatestperiod(from1990stonowadays)ⅢIn1950s，O’Connor,forthefirsttimegotthetrulyattentionfromcriticsandwriters．Sincethisperiod，thevoiceoffeministcriticshascomeupfromdifferentarticlesonherWOrks．Inthebeginning，somecriticscriticizedheraboutthelackoffeministfeaturesofherworksasawomanwriter．Herfemaleidentityortheinexplicitfemaleidentityimpressedthereadersatthefirstplace．Atthesecondstage，O’Connordiedofsystemiclupuserythematosusin1964．HerdeathandthepublicationofEverythingThatR&esMustConvergein1965triggerednewcriticsonher．Consideringherhealthandlife，criticstriedtofindtheshadowofherautobiography．Thetwistedfiguresandtheviolenceinherworkswerestudiedtypically．Itwasatthisperiodthat0’ConnorasawomanwriterwhichwasbroughtupattheverybeginningWas①苏欲晓．多元视角的融合与撞击一半个世纪的弗兰纳里·奥康纳研究．【J】复旦外国语言文学论丛，20102 emphasized．StanleyEdgarHymanpublishedabooknamedFlannery0’ConnoraboutO’Connor’Smultipleidentitiesasssoutherner,awomanandacatholic．Sheemphasizedthatherwomanidentitywastheleadingreasonforherasa‘'outsider”．①Stanley’Spointofviewwasfurtherdevelopedin1980s．WiththepublicationofMysteryandMannersandTheHabitofBeing,whichwereorganizedbyFitzgeraldin1969andin1979respectively,O’Cormor’SlifeandherconcernsaboutthesocietyandliteratureWasunfoldedin丘ondofallthereaders．O’ConnorhadtOsecludefromthesocietyinhermother’Sfarmbecauseofherdisease．Herfaithsaboutthesociety,religion，andliteratureshowedherfierceconcernsaboutallthehumanbeing．Withthepublicationoftheseworks，O’Connorrestoredtoanormaleventenderwomanandwasnolongeragrotesque，coldandevenevilfemalewriter．Inthisperiod，alotofnewcriticshoolswereemergedonthebasisoftheseworksfromthefeministview．SarahGordon，KatherineHemplePrown,whowroteRevisingFlannery0’Connor：SouthernLiteraryCultureandtheProblemofFemaleAuthorshipandTeresaCarusowhopubfishedOntheSubjectoftheFeministBusiness：Re-ReadingFlannery0’Connorareoutstandingrepresentatives．TheydiggedO’Connor’Sformerworks，unpublishedonesandthosewhichwererefusedtobepublished．Gordonbelievedthesemarginalizedmaterialscoulduncovertheconcealedwomenvoicesinherworksandexposehowtheartsoffemalewritersweresuppressedbythetraditionalliteratureinthemalecenteredsociety．AndPrownassertedthat，Inrecentyears，thecrAicalliteratureonO’ConnorhasexpandedtoincludegreaterconcernofgenderasafactorinherIRerarydevelopment．CriticssuchasJosephineHendin，MarthaChew,LouiseWestling，MargaretWhitt，MarshallBruceGentry,SarahGordan,andPatriciaSmithYaegerhaveexaminedtheconflictssheexperiencedasasouthernladyandaprofessionalauthorandhaveofferedincisiveanalysisofthevariousstrategiestoresolvethetensioninherentinherposition,thereremainsaneedtobridgethegapbetweensouthernliterarystudiesandmainstream@StanleyEdgarHyman．Flannery0’Connor．UniversityofMinnesotaPress，1966 四川师范大学硕士学位论文feministcriticism,whichhasgenerallyneglectedO’Connor’Sworks．(KatherineHemplePrown，29)．0’Connor’Sidentityasafemalewriterhasbeenincreasinglyemphasized，thoughmisreadbysomecritics，O’Connorwasonceconsideredasa“misogynist'’becauseofherfeminity’Sabsenceinsomeofherworks，however,Prownfurtherexplainedthat‘'Flannery0’Connormakeseffortstofashionherselfaseriouswriterworthyofthecriticalattentiontraditionaldenied‘‘ladywriters’’oftheSouth,sheradicallyalteredherfictionallandscape．Banishingfemalecharacters，silencingfemalevoices，andredirectinghersatiricalgazefrommentowomen，O’Connorreshapedherworktoappealtoaliteraryandcriticalcommunitybuiltonthegender-basedandracialhierarchiesthathadtraditionallycharacterizedsouthernculture．"(Prown,3)andmoreandmoreinterpretationonthefeministapproached．inthe‘'SacredGrovesandRavagedGardens”Westlingexplainsthat‘‘farmstoriesaresomeofhermostvividandabsorbingworks，andallofthemareconcernedwiththeissuesoffeminineidentityandauthority'’(Westling，149)CombinedwiththesocialbackgroundVirginiaWrayalsodiggedtherebellionofO’Connor,‘‘Clearly,someofherveryearlyunpublishedwritingisanovert，quiteconsciousrebellionagainsttheSouthernpatriarchythatdictatedtheseconstraintandlimitations；asO’Connormaturesasawriterandjoinsthepredominatelymalelkeraryestablishment，．thisrebellionsubmerges．．．"(VirginiaWray,29)TheresearchofO’Connor’SWOrksathomeareinclinedtOincreaseinrecentyears．Intheendof20thcentury,scholarLuoTingrealizedthefemaledilemmawhentheyareintheprocessofstrugglinginthesociety．Sheupgradedtheconcernonfemaledilemmatoahigherrationallevel，evenfromtheperspectiveofexistentialism．①AndChenHongwei，inherTwoVoicesinFlanneryO’Connor’Sworks②claimedthetwovoicesunderneath，oneofwhichistellingtheweakof①罗婷．现代美国妇女的困境与自救．论当代美国女性小说【J】．外国文学研究．Vol，01，1994@此处文章题目为本文作者翻译4 Introductionwomeninthetraditionalsociety,andtheotheronetellstheuniquefemalevoicesinO’Connor’Sworkswhichbecamethemaincenteroftheworldinherworks．OtherscholarsinChina，suchasZhangYan,YangJipingallinterpretedO’Connor’Sworksfromthefeministpointofview．ThoughtherearealotofscholarswithuniqueviewsonO’Connor’Sworks，therearefeWfurtherstudiesathomeaboutherconcernsaboutfemaleidentitiescrisis．GiventhatalmostallthegraduationthesesonFlanneryO’Connorareaboutreligiousmotifs，thesinandsalvation,andGothicgrotesquesinChina，SOthisthesisexploresfromanewangletOanalyzethetypesoffemaleidentitycrisesinO’Connor’Sshortstoriestoshowherconcernsaboutfemaleidentities-seekingandconstruction,hopingtomakealittlecontributiontotheresearchabout0’Connor．Beforedemonstratinghowthispaperputtheargue，itisnecessarytoexplainwhatidentityisandidentitycrisis．Ingeneral,identityisacomprehensiveterminsocialsciencetOdescribeanindividual’Scomprehensionofhimorherselfasadiscrete，separateentity．Inmorespecificway,identitycoulddiviedintopersonalidentityandculturalidentity．Thepersonaltraitswhichseparateonehumanbeingfromtheothers，knownasthepersonalidentity,andthecollectionofsocialrolesthatapersonmightplay,knownaseitherthesocialidentityortheculturalidentity．Determinedbydifferentfactors，suchastime，spaceandorigin，identitychanges．OnecrRiconcearguesthattheidentityyouholdtodaymightbedifferentfromtheoneyouhadyesterdayandtheoneyouwiUhavetomorrow．①whichshowsthedifficultofidentitycognition．withthehumanhistorymovingforward，identityturnsintodifferentappearanceswhenthedeterminingfactorsareexperiencingchanges．InO’Connor’Sshortstories，thefemalefiguresareexperiencedidentitycrisesunderthesuppressofthepatriarchalsociety．Intheperiodoffeministmovement，womenwereawareofselvesawakening，however,thefixedrolethatwomenwereexpectedwerefacingchanges．Theywerenolongerrealizingtheirrolesinthesocietyandwerefacingtheproblemofidentitiesconstruction．①ZhangL0n曲ai．IdentityandHistory：ReadingChineseAmericanLiterature．Xiamen：XiamenUniversityPress，2004．P．45．5 I四]Jl师范大学硕士学位论文Thisthesisisdividedintothreechapters．ThefirstonefocusesonfemaleselfidentitiescrisisinO’Connor’Sworks．Theyarepunishedmotherswhoareinfluencedbyboththetraditionalvaluesinthepatriarchalsocietyandtheawakeningselfconsciencecouldfmdacorrectpositionforthemselves．Theyweretwistedwithouthavingcompleteselves．Andthischapterdividesintotwoparts．Thefirstoneanalyzesonetypeofwomenwhowereomnipotentandlackoffemininecharacteristicsata11．theywonafarmbyherselfandhelpedbynoone．Mrs．MayofGreenleafandMrsMcIntyreofTheDisplacedPersonareincludedinthethispart．Theyabsolutelygaveupthefemininefeatures，tryingtobethematriarchinthesocietybytakingoverallthemaletraitswhichisnotatallO’Connorwishesonwhereallwomenwillleadto，though“O’Connoracceptedtheviewthatartrestedonmakeprerogative，andsheremainedacutelyuncomfortablewithherowndesiretousurpthatprivilege”(Prown,31．Thesecondpartdealswithanotherextremewhototallyemergedinthesouthernpastgloriesandrefiasedtoliveintherealityandanalyzesthepersecutionofthetraditionalvaluesofwomeninthesouth．GrandmainAGoodMan括HardtoFindandJulian’SmominEverythingThatRisesMustConvergearediscussedinthispart．Thesecondchapterspecificallydiscussesthefrustrateddaughters．Theyaredisabledaughtersphysicallyandmentally,andsomeofthemareugly，oldagedwithandsomeonewithhigheducation．MrsHopewell’SdaughterJoyinGoodCountryPeopleandthedaughterofMrsCraterinTheLifeYouSaveMayBeYourOwnarediscussedinthispart．Theformer,lostalegwhenshewasyoung，wasisolated．Inordertomakeupthephysicaldisability,shestudiedhardtobecomeatalentedwomanwithPhD．However,beingnonchalantfacially,shewasverynaiveandstubborn．Thesegrotesquesarethefruitsofthepatriarchalsociety．Thelastpartofthischapterdealswiththistypeofwomenwhoaredesperateandfeebleinfrontofreality．theyhadaawakeningofselfconscience，butlivinginthepatriarchalsociety,theydidnotgetacompleteidentities．Theycouldnotfindawaytorelievetheirworriesaboutlife．6 Thelastchapterdealswiththeaphasiaofthesetwistedfemaleimagesintheirfamiliesandinthesociety．Thesewomenarebecomingtheidealothersandtheothersofthemselves，immersinginthepermanentdilemmaintheprocessoffighting．Theyareeitherhavenovoiceatallinthefamily,orsuppressedbytheyoungeroroldergeneration．Thischapterdividedintotwoparts．Thefirstonefurtheranalyzestheconflictswomenencounteredinlife．Theyhadtofacethethreatensfromtheolderpatriarchsaswellastheyoungersons．Mr．Fortune，ofAHewoftheWoods，whocruellypunchedMaryFortune，hisoncefavoritegranddaughtertodeathwhenhewasfeelingtOlosethecontrolofMaryFortuneandthewholefamily,istakenforaexample．Andinthefamily,TheSOnstookovertherolesoftheirfathersandwouldgivenochangetotheirmorntobreathfreely．Asthenewgenerationofthesouth，they,thoughhadnorespondingabilityliketheirfathers，stillunconsciouslywantedtobetheauthorityofthefamily．Intheseconflicts．womenareabsolutelythevictimsiIlO’Connor’Sshortstories．Thesecondpartdealswiththeaphasiaofwomeninthesociety．Underthesuppressofmeninthepatriarchalsocietyforalongtime，womenbarelyhadauthoritiesandrightofdiscourse．Thoughwiththedevelopmentoffeministmovement，womenexperiencedconfusionwhenseekingselfidentities．ThepastgloriousWasnolongerexitedandtheirfixedroleschanged．Itwillbealongwaytofindacompleteidentitiesinthepatriarchalsociety．Thisthesis，isnottoroundupallthestoriesinCompleteStories，justlikealltheresearchesonshortstories．ItanalyzesO’Connor’Sshortstorieshistoricallyandtextually,hopingtoexposethestrongsocialresponsibilityof0’ConnorandtOshowherintenseconcernsaboutthefemaleidentityinthetransformingsouth．Thoughwhereactuallythewomenwillgoisstilluncertain，thischaractersO’Connorcreatedgivearevelationtoallthewomeninthatsociety．7 四川师范大学硕士学位论文8 ThePunishedMothersintheFamilyChapteronePunishedMothersintheFamilyAlmostallof0’Connor’Sshortstoriesareaboutwomenandinmostofherstories，therearenofathers，nopatriarchsata11．Theprotagonistsarewidowsandchildren，theylivetogetherandhandleallthedifficultiesfromtheouterworld．InthepatriarchalsocietyofSouth,theabsenceofthefathersinfamilieshasvitalinfluenceonthefamiliesthemselves，andthestatesofthefamiliesinthesocietyinparticular．Inthetraditionalfamily,womenaresupposedtobeinferiortomen，butiftherolesofmendisappear,thetraditionalwomenwillstepintoadilemma．Onehand，theyneedtostepoutfromtheaegisofmenandbethematriarchofthefamily,however,ontheotherhand，theirbehaviourareunderthesupervisionofsocietyandsecularetiquettes．Inthistwistedsituation,womenusuallyactgrotesquelyunderthepatriarchalsociety．1．1LonelyMasculineWomenInthosefamilieswithoutfathers，itisalwaysthatmothersrunalittlefarmarduously,andfaceallthechallengesfromtheoutsideharshly,tryinghardtoprovidecomfortablelifefortheirchildren．However,inallthesestories，thesewomenweredestroyedbytherevengefulmalepowersandwerepublishedviolently．Inthosestories，Greenleaf,TheDisplacedPerson，TheLifeYouSaveMaybeYouOwn，thiskindofthemeiSobvious．Mrs．MayinGreenleafwasawidowandafarmerownerandMr．Greenleafwashertenant．Mrs．M强whosesonswereincapable，alwaysenviedabouttheGreenleafsofthecompetenttwinsandworriedthatherpropertywouldoccupiedbyhertenant．Oneday,Greenleafs’bullintrudedintoMrs．May'sfenceanddestroyed9 四川师范大学硕士学位论文thehedge．Outrageously,Mrs．MayorderedMr．Greenleaftokillthebull,instead，Mrs．MayWaSstabbedtodeathbythehomofthebull．Mrs．MayWaStheownerofafarmer,whichwasoncea”broken-downfarm”lefttoherafterhersecondhusband’Sdeath．Mrs．Maytookoverthefarmandalsothemalecharacteristicsspontaneously．Sheworkedveryhardtorunthefarmwell，”1workedandslave，IstruggleandsweattOkeepthisplaceforthem(hertwosons)”(cs①，315)Shehadbeenworkingcontinuouslyforfifteenyears，andevendidn'twanttohavearestforafewminutesbeforeworkingagain．Shetriedherbesttointernalizethemaletraitsinordertoexperienceasuccesswhichwastheresponsibilitiesofthemeninthesociety,andshedidwell．Shebecame”themostremarkablewoman”thathercityfriendsknew,”togo，practicallypennilessandwithnoexperience，outtoarundownfarmandmakeasuccess”(321)．Literally,Mrs．Mayhadalreadybecameasuccessfulwoman,evenmoresuccessfulthantheothermen．IsthattosayMrs．Mayhavealreadygotthefreedomandindependenceoffemaleintheworldandwillbetheparagonoftheotherfemalesinthesociety?TheanswermightbenegativefromthedeathofMrs．Mayintheendcausedbythebullwhichwasmeaningfultosomeextent．ItseemedthatO’Connorweretryingtofindasolutionforallthewomen．Mrs．May,astheonlypersonwhoneedtocarryonallresponsibilitiesofthisplace，rivedwithin5men：hertwosons，MrGreenleaf：andtwotwinSOnsofthelatter．Duetotheincompetenceofhersons，Mrs．Mayhadtocarryallthemaleresponsibilitieseventhoughsometimesshefeltvery”tkedwhenitwasonlymid-morning”(332)shehadnothingtodobutcomplainedthat”Iamtheonlyadultonthisplace”(320)herSOnscarednothingaboutwhathappenedonthefarm．Mrs．MaytriedhardtokeepthisfarmandalwaysworriedthatMr．Greenleaf,hertenantwouldstolethefarmfromheroreventuallyfromherSOILSafterherdeath．WhenthebullofGreenleafs’atethepastureinherfarm,Mrs．Maywasfearedthat”whateveritwashadbeeneatingaslongasshehadtheplaceandhadeateneverythingfromthebeginningofherfencelineuptOthe①cS是TheCompleteStoriesofFlannery0’Connor的缩写，下同。 ThePunishedMothersintheFamilyhouseandnowwaseatingthehouseandcalmlywiththesametheboys，andthenon，eatingeverythingbuttheGreenleafs，onandon，eatinguntilnothingwasleftbuttheGreenleafsona1ittleislandalltheirowninthemiddleofwhathadbeenherplace”(312)Inordertokeepthehonorofbeingasuccessfulwoman，Mrs．May”hadspentfifteenyearscopingwithMr．Greenleaf’and”handlinghimhadbecomesecondnaturewithher”(318)Mrs．Mayshowedstrongdesireofcontrol，whichwasnotjustaboutMr．Greenleaebutalsoaboutandhersons’marriage．Afteratinyqurallwiththesons，Mrs．May”madeuphermindtochangeherwill”and”hadthepropertyentailedSOthatiftheymarried，theycouldnotleaveittotheirwives”(315)DesireforcontrolWastheviciousfeatureofthetopicalpatriarchysocietywhichMrs．Maytriedhardtofightagainst，unfortunately,sheherselfinternalizedthefeatureandbecomeanotherman．ZhangYanandFengYiliallemphasizedintheirthesisthat”Mrs．Maydepressedherfemaletraitsdesperatelyandhadalreadyacceptedthecharacterofbeingamale”①andtheybothagreedthat”the’rakehandlein’herbackstiffasarakehandle’(315)andthestickMrs。Mayalwaysholdwhenwalkinginthewoodssymbolizedthemalestrength”②Influencedbythecircumstancesaround，Mrs．Maylostherfemaletraitsgradually．Greenleafwascreatedin1956，thestoryofwhichWassetupafterthesecondworldwar．Thatwasaageoffeministmovement，inwhichtimefemaleconsciousnesswasawakening．Itwasaageofquestioning，aageofawakening，andformostwomen，aageofchallengingtheoldtimes@Evenintraditionalsoutharea，itwasagreatopportunitytoknowegoandawakening．However,abandoningthefemalecharacteristicsandthewholetraditionwerealsounacceptableforO’Connor．Mrs．MaytheGreenleaf,enjoyednorespectenoughfromherOW／1SOns，eventhoughshedideverythingforthem．WhenarguingwithherSOnsabouttheirjobs，Mrs．Maygotroughtreatandbeingignored．Andsometimes，shegotyelledbyherSOns，”Well，whydon’tyou曲somethingpractical，Woman?”(320)Thisyellingwasathunderfor。张燕．《格林立夫》：弗兰纳里·奥康纳对女性问题的思考阴。洛阳师范学院学报，2003(3)．②冯宜丽．《格林利夫》中荣格的集体无意识理论痕迹．2009年河南教育厅青年基金项目2009QN025@CarolynPerryandMaryLouiseWeaks，eds．，TheHistoryofSouthernWomen'sLiterature,LouisianaStateUniversityPress，2002，p．246． 四川师范大学硕士学位论文Mrs．Mayandalsoforthereaders．Intheeyesofthemen,womengotcontemptfromtheoutside，maybebecauseshedidn'tdosomething”practical”whichmightbecleaninghouse，doinglaundryandtakingcareoffamilyandchildren．FlanneryO’CounoralsodeputedinthestoryabouttheastonishmentofMrs．MaywhenshefirstsawthehouseofGreenleafs．Sheopenedthemilkingroomdoorandstuckherheadinandforthefn'stsecondshefeltasifsheweregoingtoloseherbreath．Thespotlesswhiteconcreteroomwasfilledwithsunlightthatcamefromarowofwindowshead-highalongbothwalls．Themetalstanchionsgleamedferociouslyandshehadtosquinttobeabletolookata11．(325)Mrs．Maylostherfemalecharacteristicsata11．Thedeathofherhusband，thedesireofcontrollingotherpeople，andalsohersons’incapabilitythatcausedMrs．Mayatotalman．Especiallyintheendofthestory,shegotimpatientafterhearingnogunshotinthewoodsanddecidedtokillthebullhersel￡Unforttmately,Mrs．MayWasstabtoheathbythebull’Shornintheheart．Theridiculousunexpecteddeathwasmeaningful．Itisahintforallthefemaleinthesocietytothinkaboutwhattodoconcerningthefemaleidentityinthepatriarchysociety．而国，lytakingoverthemaleroleandresponsibilitiesWasnotthesolution．Therealfreedomandindependentoffemalewasnotcontrollingandsuppressing，ontheotherhandbydoingthat，femalebecamethe”men”whoagreedtherulesinthemalecenteredsociety．Theideathat0’ConnorexpressedinGreenleafwasnotsole．Itisalsotraceableinherothershortstories．Mrs．McIntyreinTheDisplacedPersonwasapracticalwomanwhoknewwhatshewantedandhowtogetit，somethingof”aforttmehunter”(Harold，58)Shegotthefarmfromherdeathhusband，anoldjudge．Andsheoncemarriedthreetimes，divorcedtwiceandburiedone．Astheownerofabigfarm,sheseemedtobeacomfortablememberofthegentry,however,itturnedoutthatshedidn'tenjoyahappylife．Shecountedthatherfarmhandseventhepeacockssheraisedwouldeatherupallthetime．Inhereyes，thepeacockWas”anothermouthtofeed”(cs，198)12 ThePunishedMothemintheFamilyShealwaysworriedthatpeopleinherfarmwillstealsomethingfromher．ShecomplainedtoMrs．Shortlythat”I'vebeenrunningthisplaceforthirtyyears⋯Peoplethinkyou'remadeofmoney．Ihavetaxestopay．Ihaveinsurancetokeepup．Ihavetherepairbills．Ihavethefeedbills⋯I’vebarelybeenmakingendsmeetandtheyalltakesomethingwhentheyleave”(203)．Mrs．McIntyrewantedtocontroleverythinginherfarmandmadeeverythingunderherpleasure．Afterthedisplacedpersoncame，Mrs．McIntyre，attheverybeginning，feltreliefcause”thatmanismysalvation”(203)．Sheoncesighedwithpleasurethat”Atlast，I'vegotsomebodyICalldependon．Foryears，I'vebeenfoolingwithsorrypeople．Sorrypeople．Poorwhitetrashandniggers．"(202)IfMrsMcIntyreenjoyedthehelpthedisplacedpersonbrought，anddidn'tmindoflosingthetotalcontrollingofthisplace，shewouldhaveahappylifewithoutworryingaboutthenuisanceinthefarm．However，whensheheartthatthedisplacedpersonwouldmarlyhisniecetoSulkwhohadbeenworkingforherformanyyears，shecouldn’tbearthelosingofcontrolanylonger．BecauseNegroescouldn’tmarryforeignwhitegirlwasherineradicableidea．Mr．Guziac’Sarrangementofhisniece’Smarriagewithnegrobrokethebalanceofherfarm．”He’Sextraandhe’Supsetthebalancearoundhere”(231)Mrs．McIntyreemphasizedthat”Thisismyplace．Isaywhowillcomehereandwhowon't”(223)．Shehadtheabsolutesovereigntyofherfarmandcouldnotendurethejeopardizingofherroleonthefarm．Shewannabetheleadingroleofherhierarchicalkingdom．Thestrongdesireofcontrollingisthetraitoftopicalmale—centeredsociety,thisthesisdiscussedintheformerpart．Trymgtobeanothermanofthesocietywouldnotbecomethesolutionoffemale．ItisnowonderthatO’ConnorcreatedthelosingofeverythingastheendofMrs．McIntyre．AnotherreasonforhertragedyliesinthedependentnatureofMrs．McIntyre．Whenbecomingtheleadingroleofafamily,Mrs．McIntyrestilllivedundertheaegisofherhusbandorotherpeople．Afterthedisplacedpersoncame，Mrs．McIntyresaid”Atlast，I'vegotsomebodyIcandependon”(202)whichabsolutelyexposedthehernatureofdependence．Sheutteredherdeadhusband’Swordsvery13 四川师范大学硕士学位论文ofteninherdailylife．"That’SwhattheJudgesaid”(208)SheburiedtheJudgeinthefamilygraveyard，verynearthehouseshelived，SOshecanfeltthattheJudge”wasalwaysathome”(218)．Sheevenkeptherhusband’Sroomunchangedsinehisdeath．”Itwasakindofmemorialtohim,sacredbecausehehadconductedhisbusinesshere．Withtheslightesttiltonewayortheother,thechairgavearustyskeletalgroanthatsoundedsomethinglikehimwhenhehadcomplainedofhispoverty”(221)．Everytimewhenshefeltaggrieved，shewentintothisroomtofindthestrengthtolive．WhentheangleovertheJudge’SgraveWasstole，shecouldn'thelpcryingsadly．TheJudge，evendead，washerprotection．Thelosingoftheangleonthegravesymbolsthelosingoftheaegisofherhusband．Thepossessivenessandthedependencewouldneverbethewayoffemale’Sreal丘eedorn．OnthebookSacredGrovesandRavagedGardens，Westlingwrotethat：FlanneryO’Connor’Svisioncouldnotcountenanceafemininelandscapecontrolledbythestongmotherfiguresofthefarmstories．丘oherworldwasruledbyapatriarchalauthoritywhichguardedHispastorallandscapeastheYahwehofancientHebrewswatchedoverEdenandthepasturesoftheOldTestament．(LouiseWestling，180)Exceptthetragictraitsoftheirowncharacteristics，themainsourceofthetragedyliedinthesociety．nomatterhowhardtheytry,theyweredoomedtoloss．0’Connordidn’tshowhersympathystubbornlytoallthesouthernfemalewhosufferedalotinthemale-centeredsociety．Shedepictedenormousfemaleimageswhowerenotanymorethetraditionaldocilefemaleones，instead，theyarestingy,snobbishandconservativeemergingintothepastglory．ThisthesishaveakeadydiscussedthetragicendingofthemasculinewomenwhowouldliketOsubstitutemenandbecomethetopofthepyramid．Thenwherewillitleadwhenwomenaresoconservativeandhavedifficultytoliveinthereality?O’ConnoralsogaveUSsomeexamples：Julian’SMotherintheEverythingthatRisesMustConverge,andthegrandmainAGoodMan括HardtoFind．Therolesinthesestoriesalsosufferedpunishment，whichimpressedsomereadersthat0’Connorwasamisogynist．Though 堡些!堡垒丝堂堡垫些!型堕●--_●-●。__。●。。_-_________-。_。_●●。_。●●-_______________-__-。。_。●-_________●●__。。。__。。●___-__________●--_。__。。。。。。。。。。。。。。’—————————————————O’ConnoradmittedinalettertO”A”that”Onthesubjectofthefeministbusiness，Ijustneverthink，thatisneverthinkofqualitieswhicharespecificallyfeminineormasculine．IsupposeIdividedpeopleintotwoclasses：theIrksomeandtheNon-Irksomewithoutregardtosex．YesandtherearethemediumIrksomeandtheRareIrksome”(Letters，176)Infact，thecreationofthetragicendingwasthespecificstrategytoexpressherideaifthewidespreadandrocentricworldviewwasconsidered．TeresaCarusoexplainedinherbookthattheremightbesomepositiveeffecttosacrificethewomenaslongaswecouldfindtherealmeaningofthesacrifice．①O’ConnorWastryingtoexposetherealityunderneaththeviolenceandevendeaththroughthegrotesqueways．1．2SelfishFogyishWomen0’ConnorcreatedtheSOcalled”southernelegantladies”whohad”agrandioseseIlseofherowndignityandakeendelightinsubvertingthepretensionsofothers”②andemergedintotheirtraditionalroles．Theylivedofafixedlifepattern，becomingfogyishandconservative．Grandmawasatypicalsouthernwomanwhocaredalotaboutherimageintheotherpeople’Seyes．ThoughshewasreluctanttogotoFloridawiththewholefamilyratherthanTennessee，shewasstillthefirstoneintheCarwell-dressed．O’Connordepictedthedifferentdressingofthegrandmaandthedaughterinlawbeforetheystartedoff．”Thechildren’Smotherstillhadonslacksandstillhadherheadtiedupinagreenkerchief,butthegrandmotherhadonanavybluedresswithasmallwhitedotintheprint”(cs，118)ThereasonthatgrandmadressedSOwellwasthatjust”incaseanaccident，anyoneseeingherdeadonthehighwaywouldknowatoncethatsheWasalady”(118)．Itwasobviousthatthegrandmacaredverymuch①TeresaCaruso，ed．，”OntheSubjectoftheFeministBusiness．”Re-readingFlanneryO'Connor．NewYork：PeterlandPublishing,Inc．，2004,P．2．圆HaroldFickett&Douglas&Gilbert．FlanneryO'Conner：ImagesofGrace．Michigan：Wm．B．EerdmansPublishingCo．1986．P．100． 四川师范大学硕士学位论文aboutherstatusandimageintheotherpeople’Seyes．Fromthisplace，0’Connorhadalreadysetuptheforeshadowofthetragicending．Alltheway,Grandmawasnaggingaboutthegloriouspast．”Inmytime，childrenweremorerespectfuloftheirnativestatesandtheirparentsandeverythingelse．Peopledidrightthen．"(119)shetalkedaboutthedayswhenshewasamaidenladytohergrandchildren．Shedidn’tnoticethecrueltyofthechangingworldata11．Whentheystoppedatalittlerestauranttohavesomefood，grandmadiscussedtheoldtraditionsinthesocietywiththeSammy,theshopowneETheybothagreedthattheworldwasnotanymoreasthesameasthepastonewhichmadegrandmamorenostalgiaaboutthepastdays．Actually,0’Connorhadakeadyidentifiedthechangingtraditionsandvaluesfromtheconversationbetweenthegrand-daughterandthewifeofSammy．Whenhumorouslyaskedifshewouldliketobethelatter’Sdaughter,theformeranswered”1wouldn’tliveinabroken-downplacelikethisforamillionbucks”(121)theoldsoutherntraditionwhichgrandmaworshiped：Courtesy,patriarchysocietyhadakeadyvanished，whiletheyoungergenerationnowworshipedthematerialwealth，andcontemptoftradition．Whenfacingthechangingworld，grandmachosetoescape．Sheemergedintheoldsouthertraditioninwhichwomenwasdescribedasunsophisticated，elegant”southernlady”．Shestilltreatedherselfaspureasthegodmenworshipedinthesouth．①Thoughthemeritsofthosesouthladyhadchangedalotfromtheoldsouth，thetraditionstilldeeprooted．Inthischangingsociety,whatthewomenperformancedidreallymatter．Mistakenlyleadingthewholefamilytoheroldhouse，grandmaencounteredtheMisfit．Atthemomentshewasgoillgtogetshot，grandmastillmurmuredthat”You'reoneofmyownchildren”(132)ChenHongwei，explainedthatshe，thegrandmastilltriedtorefusethecoldnessinthemodemsocietywithhersouthernfemaletenderness．②Thisthesiscan'tagreeanymore．Inthisstory,Misfitrepresentedtheviolenceinthesociety．EncounteroftheMisfitresembledtheencounterofviolenceandconflictinthenew哪喀酉够咄m第‰黼讹瓤溅射酷季一糈锄敲彬醋渤阶l兰}L钵篇舣巍警①孙oM ThePunishedMothersintheFamilyworld．Grandma’Sadamantandconservativeleadedthewaytoatragicending．Inthischangingworld,theoldtraditionalsouthladyshouldadvancewiththetime，whichwastherevelationO’Connorgavetothewomeninthe20tbcenturysouth．InthisstoryEverythingthatRisesMustConverge,Julian’Smother,tosomeextent，wasanothergrandmainAGoodMan括HardtoFind．Shewasmorenostalgicthanthegrandma．Withahighsenseofdignity,shelivedinaworldthatshecreatedandWastryingeverychancetoshowherpriorityovertheotherpeople，becauseshethoughtthatsheknowwhoshewas．Sheusuallyindoctrinateherson,Julianthat”Mostofthepeopleinthereducingclass)arenotourkindofpeople””Icanbegracioustoanybody,IknowwhoIal[11．11(407)Whenshewasinthepublic，she”washoldingherselfveryerectunderthepreposteroushat，wearingitlikeabannerofherimaginarydignity．”(409)Exceptthat，sheusedtoemergingintothepastdaystomemorizeherfamily'sprosperity．”Yourgreat-grandfatherWasaformergovernorofthisstate．YourgrandfatherWasaprosperouslandowner．YourgrandmotherwasGodhigh．"(407)DespitethatJulian’Smonwassoproudofherdignitywhichthoughhadalreadygone，Julian'scontemptabouthismomwasobvious．Inhiseyes，hismornasinnocentasalittlegirlwiththeeyes”sky-blue，wereasinnocentanduntouchedbyexperienceastheyhavebeenwhenshewasten”(406)evenwhenshewalkedonthestreet，”Herfeetinlittlepumpsdangledliketheachild’Sanddidnotquitereachthefloor．”(414)Undertheshadowofthefemalemystiqueofthewomeninsouth．Julian’Smornwasoneofthegoodinstanceswhohadalreadygotusedtotheliveundertheaegisoftheglorioussouthernsocietyandrefusedtogrowuptofacethefadingofthegoodpast．BettyFriedandiscussedandexplainedtheharmofthesouthernfemininemystique：Bypermittinggirlstoevadetestsofreality,andrealcommitment．．．bythepromiseofmagicalfulfillmentthroughmarriage，thefemininemystiquearreststheirdevelopmentataninfantilelevel，shortofpersonalidentity,withaninevitableweakcoreofself．(Friedan，290)Shealsoexplainedthenormalsocialphenomenonwhichcouldexplainthe 四川师范大学硕士学位论文insensitiveofJulian'smorn：Thegreaterherowninfantilism，andtheweakerhercoreselKtheearlierthegirlwillseek”Fulfillment”asawifeandmotherandthemoreexclusivelyshewilllivethroughherhusbandandchildren．(Friedan,290)Itwasobviousthattheharmthatthesocietyimposedonthefemalewasdestructive．Andhavingalreadyrealizedtheconceitandescapefi'omtherealityofhismorn,JulianassailedtOhismomthat,"Knowingwhoyouareisgoodforonegenerationonly．Youhaven'tthefoggiestideawhereyoustandnoworwhoyouare”(cs，407)thiscomplainwasfarawayfromawakeningthemornhadthedeep-rootedideasabouthergraceoveraninferior．Whentheyencounteredacoloredwornanwithhersoninthebus，thetragicfunctionofJulian’Smomtotallyhadbeenexposed．Outoftheoldsouthertradition，Julian’Smorn,havingtheconscienceofsuperiorityovertheblackpeopleintheoldsouth，gaveapennytOhecoloredwoman’slittlesonasalms．Notsurprisingly,Julian’Smomgotapunchfromthecoloredwolnantothegraciousdignityontheface．ThatWasalsothepunchO’Connorwouldliketobeatonthestubborn，condescendingwomeninthesouth．Julian’Smornwastotallystunnedandevenatthemomentofherdeath，shestilldemandedtohersonthat”TellGrandpatocomegetme．TellCarolinetocomegetme”．GrandpaandCaroline，werebothdeadforafewyears．ItwasabsurdandridiculousthattheimaginarysuperioritybroughtafinaldeathforJulian’Smom,whichwasexactthemeaningfulintentionofO’Connor．Inthesouthernpatriarchysociety,femalewaslivingunderthefemalemystiquewhichWasjustthewishofmale．VirginiaWraysaidinhisarticlethat0’ConnorneednotreportinthislettertoafemaleGeorgianofherowngenerationthatalltheproprietiesandnicetiesofSouthernladyhood，emptyandhypocriticalthoughtheymightwellbe，wererequiredinpublic．①Southernfemale，imposedbytheSouthernladyhoodforSOmanygeneration，refusedtofacetherealitythoughthegloriousdayshad⋯V'LrginiaWray．‘'FlanneryO、20nnor'sStrugglewithPatriarchalculture”．IncludedinOntheSubjectoftheFem妇istBusiness：RereadingFlanneryO'ConnorbyTeresaCaruso．NewYork：PeterLandPublishing,Ine．．2004．P．29． 坠!墅塑坚堂竺垫垡!墅壁already”gonewiththewind”．ItwasthetragicofJulian’morn,butalsothetragicofthewholesociety．Inthestory,Julian’Sroomevenhadnoname，sheWaSjustsomeone’Smom,whichrepresentedtheaphasiaofwomeninthemalecenteredsouth．SheWastypicalwomanlivedunderthepatriarchalsociety．Withoutself-consciousness，shefocusedherselfonthewholefamily,herson．Asawidow”whohadstruggledfiercelytofeedandclotheandputhimthroughschoolandwhoWassupportinghimstill．"(406)shedidalottofulfillherfemininedutieswhichwasimposedonbythepatriarchalsociety．VirginiaWoolfnotedinherbookthat，sheWasintensivelysympathetic．SheWasimmenselycharming．Shewasutterlyunselfish．Sheexcelledinthedifficultartsofthefamilylife．Shesacrificedherselfdaily．．．InshortshewasSOconstitutedthatsheneverhadamindorawishofherown，butpreferredtosympathizealwayswiththemindsandwishedofothers．(Woolf,13)Thisexactlyexplainedherinsensitivityabouttherealityintheoutsideworld，whichbroughtthetragedyofJulian’Smom,orthewomeninthewholesociety．GrandmaandJulian’Smomwereall”southernlady”withoutself-consciousness，livingunderthecriterionofandrocentricworldview．Thetragicendingofthe”idealfemale”WasacrashofthunderforthewomanintheSOuthandalsoasubversionforthemaleprerogativesociety． 四川师范大学硕士学位论文20 ChapterTwoTheFrustratedDaughtersintheFamily0，Connordescribedalotofmothersanddaughtersofthesouthernsocietyinherworksinwhichtheconflictswiththemtwoneverstopped．Theimagesofmothers，tosonleextent，aretheincarnationsoftheoldsoutherntraditions．Theyiudgeandadmonishtheirdaughter,tryingtopullthelattertotheroutinelife·InAC讯?彪伽砌PR陀，whenthedaughterofMrs．Cope“putonaparrofoverallsoverherdressandhadpulledaman’soldfelthatdownasfarasitwouldgoonherheadandwasa彻jngherselfwithtwopistolsinadecoratedholsterthatshehadfastenedaroundherwaist”(cs，190)Mrs．Copejustwatchedherwithatragiclook．‘、ⅣhydoV0uhavetolooklikeanidiot?Whenareyougoingtogrowup?What’sgo啦tobecomeofyou?Ilookatyouand1wanttocry!’’(190)However,itistypicalfortheseiIaughterstorebelagainsttheroutinesettledbytheirmothers．Theyisolatedfromtheirmothers，tryingtogetoutofthecontroloftheirmothers·O’ConnordescribedtheseiIIlagesofmothersanddaughterstodisclosethedilemmaandstrugglestheywerein，tryingtoemphasizethenecessaryoffemaletollaVeacompleteidentity．2．1RebelliousDaughtersMothersin0，Connor’sshonstoriesworriedallthetimethethreatensfromoutsideworld．LosiIlgtheirfortunewouldbethedisasterforthem．Nevertheless，thedau2：Il：tersworriedtobeassimilatedbytheirmothersontheotherhand·Forthem,beingawo如anliketheirmornwouldbethemiserablemisforttme·Tosomeextent，theykeptdistancefromtheirmothersphysicallyandmentally,showedtheir缸guSttothecliclleandrebelledagainstthenormssettledbytheirmothers．Theytriedhard’1 四川师范大学硕士学位论文tokeeptheirownidentitiesandwishedtohaveadifferentdestiny．JoyinGoodCountryPeoplewasa‘‘largeblondegirlwhohadanartificialleg”(271)．LivedwithhermotherMrs．HopeweH，Joyhadatensionrelationshipwithhermother．WhenJoywasneededtowalkoverthefieldstocompanionwithhermother,shewassoreluctantand‘‘herremarkswereusuallySOuglyandherfaceSOglum”(274)．However,inthisfamilywithoutafather，Mrs．HopewelllikeherdaughterSOmuchnomatterwhatJoydidtoher．Mrs．Hopewellalways‘!thoughtofherstillasachildbecauseittoreherhearttothinkinsteadofthepoorstoutgirlinherthirtieswhohadneverdancedasteporhadanynormalgoodtimes'’(274)．Tryingtorevengetohermother’Sauthority,JoychangedhernameintoHulga，whichwasugly-soundingandthenamewasthoughtbyhermotheras‘'thebroadblankhullofabattleship”(274)．Joyalways‘'wentaboutalldayinasix-year-oldskirtandayellowsweatshirtwithafadedcowboyonahorseembossedonit”．(276)⋯t'AlldayJoysatonherneckinadeepchair,reading．Sometimesshewentforwalksbutshedidn，tlikedogsorcatsorbirdsorflowersornatureorniceyoungmen．Shelookedatniceyoungmenasifshecouldsmelltheirstupidity'’．(276)SallyVirginiaCooperofACircleintheR陀Was“apalefatgirloftwelvewithafrowningsquintandalargemouthfullofsilverbands"．(181)Sailyevenc‘hadputonapairofoverallsoverherdressandhadpulledaman’soldfelthatdo、ⅣnaSfarasitwouldgoonherheadandwasarmingherselfwithtwopist01sinadecoratedholsterthatshehadfastenedaroundherwaist．"(190)Nomatterwhattheimagesthevare，the‘'palefatgirloftwelvewithafrowningsquintandalargemouth如1lofsilverbands”(181)，orthelargeblondegirlofthirty-twowithanartificial1eg，andfunnycloths．TheyaredefinitelynotthatbeautifulelegantsouthernladvThesedaughtersarethen远htmaresofMrs．CooperandMrs．Hopewell．ThelattertriedhardtoinculcatetheirdaughterswithtraditionalnonIlforwomeni11thesociety．Joywasexpectedasanurse，aschoolteacher,orachemicalengineeLratherthanaphilosopher．Unfortunately,withaPh．Dinphilosophy,Joydidnotwannajustbeanurseorschoolteacher．Angrywithhermother’splan，shealwayssaidwithout TheFrustratedDaughtersintheFamilywarning，withoutexcusetohermotherthat‘‘Woman!Doyoueverlookinside?Doyoueverlookinsideandseewhatyouarenot?God!”(276)WhenSallyputonheroverallsandpulledaman’shat，Mrs．Cooperwatchedherwithatragiclook．“Whydoyouhavetolooklikeanidiot?Whenareyougoingtogrowup?What’Sgoingtobecomeofyou?Ilookatyouand1wanttocryl”(190)Sally,theninahighirritatedvoicesaid“Leavemebe，Leavemebe．Iain’tyou'’(190)Sherefutedhermotherwiththetoneofpoorwhitetrash．JustlikeJoy,theydonotwanttobethetraditionalsouthernladyexpectedbytheirmothers，andtheyrefusedtobetheladiesliketheirmothers．HoweveLtheserebelliousdaughterscannotstepoutfromthetheirtragicdestinysettledbythepatriarchalsociety．Intheendofthesestories，theirwishestobefreefrommothers’willaswellasthesociety’Swouldbedestroyedtotally．LubyinAStrokeofGoodFortuneisagoodinstancenottofollowhermother’Stragicdestiny．Asatypicalhousewife，whosejobwastakingcareofthefamily,Rubywasexactlythesouthernfemalethatthepatriarchalsocietyimagined．However,sheabominatedtobecomeanotherversionofhermom．Inhereyes，hermom”lookedlikeapuckered-upoldyellowapple，SOlar,shehadalwayslookedsour,shehadalwayslookedlikesheWash’tsatisfiedwithanything．"(97)andherfatherandmotherwere”dried-uptype”neitherofwho”hadbeenmuchtolookat”(99)ButRubyweredifferentfromthem．Shecomparedherselfwithhermotherveryoften．’hermother’Shairhadbeengray-herswouldn’tbegraynowevenofshehadn’ttoucheditup．Allthosechildrenwerewhatdidhermotherin—eightofthem：twoborndead，onediedthefirstyear,onecrushedunderamowingmachine．Hrmotherhadgotdeaderwitheveryoneofthem．Andallofforwhat?Becauseshehadn'tknownanybetter．Pureignorance．Thepurestofdownrightignorance”(97)Ruby'smornwasjustachild-bornmachineinhereyes，andtheonlyreasonforitwastheignoranceofherroom,whichwasoneofthemeritsinthesociety．BettyFriedanpointedouttheoldprejudicesinherbookthat”womenareanimals，less 四川师范大学硕士学位论文thanhuman,unabletothinklikemen,bornmerelytobreedandservemen”andtheprejudiceswereSOdeep-rootedand”werenotSOeasilydispelledbythecrusadingfeminists，byscienceandeducation,andbythedemocraticspiritafterall”①Eventhough,thewomen’Srightmovementemergedattheendof19mcenturyandarrivedtoitspeakattheearlyof20出century．Womenownalotofrightofthemselves，likevote，education，havingajob．Thedeep-rootedprejudices，however,werestillhoveringinthesouthwhichwasarelativelytraditionalregioninAmerica．InAStokeofGoodFortune，Ruby'sneighbour,MrsGilfeetconsideredhersonasafommegivenbyherdeadhusband，andhersonwascalled”LittleMisterGoodFortune!”(98)WomenwereSOproudofgivingbirthofbabieswhichWastherealityinthatsociety：Bytheendofthefifties，theUnitedStatesbirthrateWasovertakingIndia’S．Thebirth-controlmovement，renamedPlannedParenthood，wasaskedtofindamethodwherebywomenwhohadbeenadvisedthatathirdorfourthbabywouldbeborndeadordefectivemighthaveitanymore．Statisticianswereespeciallyastoundedatthefantasticincreaseinthenumberofbabiesamongcollegewomen．Whereoncetheyhadtwochildren，mowtheyhadfour，five，six．Womenwhohadoncewantedcareerswerenowmakingcareersoutofhavingbabies．(Friedan,17)Ruby,asthenewgenerationofthesouth，wererebellionofhermorn,theoldtradition．Asthe”onlyoneinherfamilywhohadbeendifferent，whohadanyget”(cs，96)Rubyrefusedtofollowhermom’spath．Whensheheardthatshemightgetpregnant，sheWasSOstunned．O’ConnordepictedafemaleimagewhowasrebelboldlyatthetraditionandthesouthcriterionandshewastheMisfitinthesociety．Although，thesedaughterstriedharshlytorebelagainsttheirmothers，theywerestillundertheinferiorsituationwhenfacingthepowerfulmale．Beingsouthemladywouldbetheircommondilemma．2．2ThePerplexedDaughters①BettyFriedan,TheFeminineMystique．NewYork：W．W．Norton&Company,Inc．196324 !坐!竺堕坐璺里竺堂!堡坐尘!!!型!!●_-___-●____-___________●●_●-________●●_______________--●_●________●●_____-________-●_-_●______●__-_____________-_-_●_——————————————Throughalltheconflictsbetweenmothersanddaughters，motherswantedtoinculcatetheirrebelliousdaughterstotheroutine，butallthedaughterstriedhardtoisolate矗．omtheirmothers．Itisnotablethatinallthesestories，mothersprovidedaaegisfortheirdaughtersunselfishly．Inordertogiveacomfortablelifefortheirchildren,thesemothershadtosurvive丘omhugeriskinlife，andevensacrificedtheirownhappiness．O’Connorherselfhadthesimilarlifeenvironmentlikethesedaughters．Becauseofherdisease，O’ConnorhadtolivewithhermotherinafarmofSouth．Although，sometimesmockinghermothers’ceremoniousness，shelivedundertheaegisofhermotherforherwholelifeuntildead．Contrastingwiththosegirlswhosemindwereoccupiedbymarriageandfertility,O’ConnorandtheimagesshecreatedinthestoriesareactuallytheMisfitinsociety．TheimagesofdaughtersandtherelationshipbetweenmothersanddaughtersgivegoodexamplestoexplainO’Connor’Sattitudetowardstheissueoffemaleidentityconstruction．ThenonamegirlinATempleoftheHolyGhostwasatwelve‘year-oldtomboy．Shealwaysmockedhercousinswhovisitedherfromtheconventbysayingthat“Iftheyhadgonetotheregularschool,theywouldn’thavedoneanythingbutthinkaboutboys”(236)．Goingtotheconvent，theywould，usingthewordsofthechild’Smother,bekept“agripontheirnecks”(236)bythesistersattheconvent．Inthesouthernsociety,femalecuriosityaboutsexwouldbringthreatenforthepatriarchalsociety,SOintheconvent，nursescontrolledthemindoftheseyounggirls．Theytaughtthemtosaywhenmen‘'behaveinanungentlemanlymannerwiththemiIlthebackofanautomobile”(238)that“Stopsir!IamaTempleoftheHolyGhost!”(238)thiswouldputanendtoit．Thoughlivingandstudyingintheconventforalongtime，thecousinscouldnotcontroltheirexcitementwhenmeetingwithboys．Thetittlegirldistainedthemaniaofhercousinsaboutboys，butherownnaturalconsciousnessofsexandidentityevolveddaybyday．HerattitudetowardsAlonzoMyersandthoseboyswhowereinvitedtodatehercousinsshowedtheconscienceofsexwasgoingtogrow．Whenshedescribingtheseboystohercousins， 四川师范大学硕士学位论文sheemphasizedtheirheight，theirmasculinewayofdressingandthetaildecorationofsquirrelintheircar．Allofthesegaveahintofherembryoticconscienceofsex．Shewasabouttostepintotheageofadolescenceandtofacetheproblemofsexualidentity．Differentfromhercousins，shewasreluctanttoseatwiththemformealatonetable．‘”Iain’teatingwiththem,’thechildsaidandsnatchedherplateoffthetableandcarriedittothekitchenandsatdownwiththethinblue-gummedcookandatehersupper'’(241)butactuallywhenhavingmeals，“fromtimetotime”she‘'tumedherheadandglaredoutthekitchenwindowatthescenebelow'’(242)sheimagedherselfasaboyandsometimesimagedshewouldhavetobeadoctororanengineer,orsaintormartyr．Likeatomboy,thisgirlshowedherdisgusttothetraditionalfemalefigures，choosingaboyishwaytoboycottanychanges．Ontheotherhand，thisgirlshowedgreatenthusiasmtothefreakwhowasamanandwomanboth．Shecouldnotimagine‘'howitcouldbeamanandwomanbothwithouttwoheads’’(245)ShepicturedasceneofachurchwhereshecombinethisfreakwiththeexpressionofatempleoftheHolyGhostandinherdream,thefreakemphasizedagainthat‘'GodmademethiswayandIdon’tdisputehit”(246)．Thisgirlchangedgraduallyintheprocessingofprayingintheconvent．‘'heruglythoughtsstoppedandshebegantorealizethatsheWasinthepresenceofGod”(247)intheconvent，whenthepriest‘'raisedthemonstrancewiththeHostshiningivory-coloredinthecenterofit'’f248)thisgirlreckonedthe骶akinthefairwhoWassaying“Idon’tdisputehit．ThisisthewayHewantedmetobe”(248)．Atthismoment，thegirlcombinedthisfreakwithherself,andshowedherpeacefulattitudetowardstheacceptanceofself．However,intheendofthistrip，thegirlwasmentallyharmedbythenun．Whenshewasabouttoleavetheconventdoor,“thebignunswoopeddownonhermischievouslyandnearlysmotheredherintheblackhabit，mashingthesideofherfaceintothecrucifixhitchedontoherbeltandthenholdingheroffandlookingatherwithlittleperiwinkleeyes．”(248)Thissuddenattackalmostsniffedthelittlegirlwhichwasthesamewiththeactionmentionedin26 thebeginningofthisstorythatnullswould‘'keepagriponnecks”．Itwashintofthatbuddingselfconscienceofthisgirlwasabouttobedestroyedbyboundofreligion．SallyVirginiainACircleinFirewasanotherrebelliousgirlwhotriedtobreaksexboundinsociety．Asinferiorwhoalwaysgotthreatenfromoutsideworld，Sanyandhermotherwasactuallythreatenedbythreeboys．Thoseboysseemedtobeveryhungry,buttheywerenothereforfood，ratherthanMrsCooper’Swoods．Intheirmind，Mrs．Cooperdidnotdeservethiswoodsata11．WhentheyfirstmetwithMrs．CooperandMrs．Pritchard,theseboysshowednothinghutrudetotheseladies．TheyignoredMrs．PfitchardwhenMrs．Cooperintroducedeachother,‘'thethreeseemedtohandthere，waiting，watchingMrsCooper．”(179)Sallywasatupstairstowatchallconflictsbetweenthemthroughwindow．Inhereyes，motherusuallyworkedhardinfarmjustlikeamalltakingcareofthisfarm．However,thistime，whenfacingrealman，hermotherbecamehelplessata11．Inconflictsbetweenmenandwomen，Mrs．Cooperlostallauthoritiesandinitiatives．Shehopedtheseboyswouldshowsomegentilitybyrequiringthat‘'YouboysknowthatI'mgladtOhaveyou，butiexpectyoutobehave．Iexpectyoutoactlikegentlemen．"(185)Comparingwithrudeofboys’，Mrs．Cooperseemedratherhelplessinfrondofthem．Theseboysknewwellabouttheirownpowerincontrollingwomeninsouthernsociety．Theywereeducatedthatfemalewereinferiorthanthem．Knowingthattheykeptrightofchoosingonhand，theseboyskeptdespisingandshowedUOobedienceata11．WhentheysawSallythroughwindow,theyscreamed“Jesus，anotherwoman'’(185)Harmedbythiswords，Sally‘'droppedbackfromwindowandstoodwithherbackagainstwall,squintingfiercelyasifshehadbeenslappedinfaceandcouldn’tseewhohaddoneit．"(185)Theotherday,Sally,choosingadifferentwaytofaceenemies，rushedintowoods．Shedressedherselflikeaman，‘'putonapairofoverallsoverherdressandhadpulledaman’soldfelthatdownasfarasitwouldgoonherdeadandwas27 四川师范大学硕士学位论文armingherselfwithtwopistolsinadecoratedholsterthatshehadfastenedaroundherwaist．”(190)Butthistime，Mrs．Cooperwatchedherdaughterwithatragiclook，whichpresentedtheworriesofatraditionalsouthernmotherwhowasactuallyrequiringherdaughtertoobeythetraditionalvalue．Sallyrealizedwhyhermotherandherselfwouldfailintheclashwiththeseboyswhenshewatchedtheywereundressed，takingabathinthewoods．SherealizedtheevilintheseboyswhichwasnotfromthenatureofboySbutfromthemalepointviewunderthepatriarchalsociety．TheseboysrobbedMrs．Cooper’Sfarmandcelebratedinitfortakingthecontrolofthewoods．IftheseboysfoundSallywhowashidedbehindthetree，theywoulddefinitelyhumiliatedherjustbecausetheyactedastheywereeducatedbythepatriarchalsocietyinthesouth：rippedoffthemasculinemaskfemalewore，tookawaytheirfakemasculinecharacteristicsanddrovethemtothefemalerolesexpectedbythesociety．Whenfacingtheviolenceofmale，Sallywasawareofherweakofmalepowerimitationandsherealizedthatshecouldneverenterintothemaleworldbypurelymasculinedressing．Experiencedthenaivefailure，shereckonedthewarninghermothertoldherbeforethat：inordertokeepthecompleteselfidentity,women，whenfacingthethreatenfromthepatriarchalsociety,hadtosubmittothemaleauthorities．She‘'weighteddownwithsomenewunplacedmiserythatshehadneverfeltbefore"．(193)Thescreamingwhensherunoutfromthewoodstohermotherimpliedtheinitiationsheexperienceinthewoods．Shestaredupathermother’Sface“asifshehadneverseenitbefore．Itwasthefaceofthenewmiseryshefelt，butonhermotheritlookedold"．(193)Backagaintohermother,shehadtolearnthetraditionalfemalestrategyfromhermother：submittomaleinthesociety． ChapterThreeTheAphasiaofFemaleCharactersInsome0’Connor’Sshortstories，therearenofemaleimagesinthefamily．Eveninsomestorieswomenexist，theyhavenonames，suchasJulian’SmornofEverythingthatRiSeSMustConverge．grandmainAGoodManisHardtoFind,andThomas’roominTheComfortsofHome．itisnormalforwomenastheweaknesseshavenorightstomakevoicesinthefamilyinthemalecenteredsociety．FriedanoncesaidinherbookTheFeminineMystiquethat‘‘gradually,IcametorealizethattheproblemthathasnonamewassharedbycountlesswomeninAmerican'’①theproblemshementionedherewasthatthewomenhadnoself-conscience，noidentificationsaboutthemselveswhichWasanormalphenomenonatthattimeinthemiddleageof20mcentury．Eveninsomeworkswheretherearemothers，theyhavetotakeoveralltheresponsibilitiesofthefamily．Inherworks，itisverynormalthatinawidefarm,onlywomentakechargeofthewholefarmandtakecareofthewholefamily．Mrs．MayinGreenleaflivedwithhertwoimpotentSOILS．Withoutthesenseofsecurity,sheWasalwaysafraidofbeingeatenupbythefarmhandMr．Greenleaf．Mrs．CraterinThe￡ifeYouSaveMayBeYourOwnandMrs．HopewellinGoodCountryPeopletheyareallsingleparentinthefamily0’Connordemonstratesthetensionwomenencountersinthefamilybyleavingthewidowandchildrentofacethechallengesinthesociety．Sheshowsherintensesympathytowomenaboutthedilemmatheyhavetoexperienceinthepatriarchalsociety．3．1TheAphasiaofFemaleCharactersintheFamilyqBettyFdedamTheFeminineMystique．NewYork：ⅫⅫ．NortonandCo．p．20 四川师范大学硕士学位论文hlO’Connor’Sworld，womenhavenoauthoritiesinthefamilyandtheyhavenonamesinmostofherworks．Sometimestheyareinvisiblefiguresintheirfamilies’eyesandhavenorightofdiscourseata11．what’Sworse，theyaresuppressedoutrageouslybythedominatingmeninthesocietynomatterwhoheis，ahusband，afarmhand，orason．Womanistreatedpatheticallyasaappendant．Mrs．MayinGreenleafgaveagoodanswer‘'Youcangetawaywithanythingwhenyou’redealingwithwoman'’(cs，329)and‘'Everythingisagainstyou，theweatherisagainstyouandthedirtisagainstyouandthehelpisagainstyou．They’reallinleagueagainstyou”(321)Womenencounteredalotofconflictswiththeoldermalesandyoungermales．Mr．FortuneinAHewoftheWoodswasnoteitheraeligiblefatheroraeligiblegrandfather．Hewasseventy-nineyearsoldfarmerowner,wholivedwiththefamilyofhisdaughter’S．ThoughMr．Fortunedislikedthefamilyofhisdaughter’S，headoredhisgranddaughterverymuchwhowastheyoungestinthefamily．Mr．FortunelikedherbecauseshewasasmallreplicaofMr．Fortune．“Shehad，toasingulardegree，hisintelligence，hisstrongwill，andhispushanddrive”(336)Mr．Fortunehadauncomfortabletimewiththefamily,andgotnorespect．Whentryingtosellthelotofthefarmselfishlywhichwoulddestroythehappylifeofthefamily,hewasabhorredbythefamilyevenhismostfavorablegranddaughter．Mr．Fortunecouldnotbearthebetrayalofgranddaughterandwhippedhertodeath，andgotastrokeeventually．Therearealotofpaperscriticizedtheselfishnessandcuriosityofthegrandfather．‘‘Hekillshermaliciouslyandbrutally．Hisuglinessisexposedthoroughly．’’therewasnofamilyloveleftbyMr．Fortunebut“completeselfishness，obduracyandcontemptibility．’’①However,underthecircumstanceofPatriarchy,thetragedyofthegrandfatherwasinevitable，andnotoccasionalata11．GeorgeA．Kilcourseassertedthat‘‘Abittermultigenerationalstrugglewithinafamilyexposeslayersofgreedandconflictingclaimsofpower．’’②Asavictimofthepatriarchy,Mr．①马晓敏．社会历史批评原理下的弗兰纳里·奥康纳短篇小说研究．[J】山东师范大学，201030 Fortunehadakeadyinternalizedthenatureandprincipleofpatriarchalsociety．Hewassupposedtohavethepowertoruleallthefamilyasapatriarch．Actually,hewasthelastoneinthefamilywhowasrespectedfor．Thoughhisself-centeredandselfishhadsomethingtodowithit，hedidn’tgetthecorrespondingrespect．Hewantedbackthecontrolofthefamilybysellingthelotaroundthehouserandomlyandtrainingtheyoungestgranddaughterwhoresembledhimverymuchwiththewayhethinkingandacting．Obsessedwiththedesireofcontrolastheonlypatriarchinthefamily,hecarednothingaboutthebenefitsofthePitts，whicharosegrudgeamongthewholefamily．‘‘Anyoneoversixtyyearsofageisinanuneasypositionunlesshecontrolsthegreaterinterests”(337)SoMr．Fortune，bysellingoffalot，“gavethePittsesapracticallesson'’(337)AndPitts，theanothermaninthefamily,wasundertheoppressoftheMr．formanyyear．WhenknowingMr．FortuneWasgoingtosellthehousetheylivedwithouthispermission，hewasfurious．Asthesoninlaw,Pittsdidnothavetheownershipofthefarm．SotheonlywaytoreleasethefuriousabouttheoppressunderMr．Fortunewastowhiptheyoungestdaughterwhowasadoredbytheoldman．EverytimewhenMaryWaswipedbyherfather,Mr．Fortunefeltwipedtoo，becausehethought“ThiswasPitts’Srevengeonhim．ItwasasifitwerehethatPittswasdrivingdowntheroadtobeatanditwasasifheweretheonesubmittingtOit"(341)ItwastheWarbetweentwomanwhofightingforthecontrolofthefamily．AndthelittlegirlMarywaswipedbyherfatherwhenheWasfuriousabouttheactofMr．FortuneandatlastWaswipedtodeathbyhergrandfatherwhenhethoughtsheWasoutofhiscontr01．ThelittlegirlrepresentingoftheweakWastrulythevictimofthewarbetweenmeninthepatriarchalsociety．Inthestory,O’CounordepictedthebrutalityandselfishnessofmenandalsoexposedtherebellionoftheweakinthepatriarchalsocietythroughtheyellingofMaryafterwipingbyhisfather,‘'Nobody’Severbeatmeinmylifeandifanybodydid,I'd圆GeoBeAKilcourse，Jr．，Flannery0'Connor'sReligiousImagination：AWorldwithEverythingOffBalance．NewYork：PaulistPress，2001，P．256．31 四川师范大学硕士学位论文killhim．"(340)ThatwasalsotheyellofO’Connorforthewholefemaleastherebellionofthepatriarchalsociety．Womeninlifedidnotjustencounteredtheconflictswiththeoldermalebutalsotheirownsonswhoweresupposedtotheaegisofthewholefamilyandprotecttheirmolnsinafamilywithoutafather．TheywereimpotentSOILSwholivedwiththeirmothersandevencausedthedeathoftheirmornsdirectlyandindirectly．Thesemothersweretorturedbytheoutsideworldandalsobythefamilymemberintheirhouses．Thecontemptanddisgustaboutwomenwasdeep-rootedinthismindofmenwhichWaseveninheritedfromtheeldermalegeneration．Themotherswhoweresupposedtoprovidethecomfortablehomeforthefamilywasattackedbythepatriarchyandtheirimpotentsonswhorepresentedthemalepowerintangibly．InEverythingthatRisesMustConverge,Livingwithmorn,JulianshowedlittlerespecttOhismornanddistainedhismother’Ssenseofsuperiorityoverinferior．AsanewgenerationwithhigheducationintheSouth，hesawthechangeinthesocietydistinctivelyaboutthestatuesoftheBlacks．Inhiseyes，hismother“livedaccordingtothelawsofherownfantasyworld，outsideofwhichhehadneverseenhersetfoot．"(411)whichexactlydisturbedhimverymuch．Inhiseyes，hismomwasachildwhoemergedintheimaginarygrace，inreverse，hewasthechildinhismom’seyes．Aftergraduatedfromcollege，hedidn’tmakeittobeawriterratherthanatypewriterseller．Withouttheabilitytomakealife，hehadtolivewithhismom,butatthesametime，hedetainedthewayhismomtalking，dressing，andacting．Whenseeinghisroomwearingauglyhat，hedidnothingbuthumiliating．Inthebustohisroom’sreducingclass，hereluctantlytosittogetherwithhismorn,andevenseatedbesidesaNegrointendedlywhichmadehismorn’sembarrassment．Whenhis’S1TIOmencounteringthepunchofahugeblackwomen，hejuststoodthereyelling“Itoldyounottodothat⋯Yougotexactlywhatyoudeserved⋯Ihatetoseeyoubehavelikethis”(418-420)Julian’Scoolnessandcrueltycouldnotmatchthelovehismomgave，butitWasnotonlyJulianthatshouldbeblamed，theimmature32 TheAphasiaofFemaleCharactersandbleaknessofJulianwasalsotheresultofthepatriarchy．FriedandiscussedtheimpactofthesouthemFemalemystiqueonwomeninthe50’Sandthelackofself-conscienceandstrengthofthemothersstronglyinfluencedtheimmaturecharactersoftheirsons．symbioticloveorpermissivenesswhichhadbeenthetranslationofmotherloveduringtheyearsofthefemininemystiqueisnotenoughtocreateasocialconscienceandstrengthofcharacterinachild．Forthisittakesamaturemotherwithafirmcoreofself,whoseownsexual，instinctualneedsareintegratedwithsocialconscience．(Friedan，297)Julian’Smornwasachildwholivedintheimaginaryworldandhadnocouragetofacethereality．ButJulian’Simmatureandimpotencewaspositivelyrelatedwithhismomaswellasthesociety．InComfortsofHome,therearealsotheconflictbetweenmotherandson．AndtheoriginofthisconflictWasThomas’selfishandstrongdeskeofoccupyingandcontrollingofhismorn．Hesubmergedintheloveofhismomandwasunwillingtoloveothersorevensharetheloveofhismom．Heshowedthemalignanceofmentowomenunderthecircumstanceofpatriarchyandatthesametimetheimpotenceoftheyounggeneration．Julianfeltuncomfortableandthreatenedwhenhismomboughthomeagirloutofmaternallove．Whenatfirsttimemeetingwiththegirl，Thomasfeltthat‘'thequalityofherlookwassuchthatitmighthavebeenherhands，restingnowonhisknees，nowonhisneck．"(CS，390)Theauthorityofthemenwastrampledbytheintrudingwomenwhichdefinitelywillcausetheresistofmen．Thomas’persuadingandthreateningofhismommanytimesnottobringhomethegirlturnedouttobeinvalid．Ontheotherhand，O’Connor’Sdescriptionofthesaveofthegirlleftahintaboutfemalealliancehere．Astheweakofthesociety,womenhadspecificsympathywitheachotherwhichwasnotunderstoodandacceptedbymen．Inthestalematewithhismorn,Thomascouldnothelpbutthinkinghisfatherasaalliancewhomightbetougherthanhimwhenfacingthissituation．Hegot33 四Jtl@范大学硕士学位论文strengthfromhisdeadfather．‘'Numbskull，putyourfootdownnow．Showherwho’Sbossbeforesheshowsyou”(392)Hisfatherwasthesymbolofmaleauthority．Inhismind‘'theoldmanhadthecountryman’Sabilitytoconversesquatting，thoughhewasnocountrymanbuthadbeenbornandbroughtupinthecityandonlymovedtoasmallerplacelatertoexploithistalents．”(393)Father’Sauthoritywashoveringaroundhismindwhenhewaslacingofcouragetofightagainsttheintrudinggirl．Actually,men’soverwhelmingonwomenneverdisappearedinthishouseevensincethedeathofthefather．Thomaswasmanipulatedbythepatriarchyandmaleauthority．Whenhefailedtobailoutthegirl,hisfathersaidinThomasmindthat‘‘Letherrunoveryou．Youain’tlikeme．Notenoughtobeaman'’(393、0’Connordescribedapatriarchalsocietyinwhichmenweregetusedtooverwhelmwomen，andwomenwerealwaysthetargetofmentodemonstratethepowerandauthority．Eventhoughtheelderauthoritywasnolongeronthechargeofeverything，theyoungergenerationwouldtakethepositionoftheelder．Thomasbecameanotherfatherwho“neverletanythinggrowunderhisfeet．Particularlynothingawomanplanted．"(400)Inordertoexpelthegirlanddestroytheplanofhismom，heplanedtoimputethegirlbyleavingthegunwhichwasinheritedfromhisfatherintothepurseofthegirl．Inthedispute，Thomasshothisroomaccidentally．JustasWakerconfirmedinhisbookthat‘'thecaHousunconcernofchildrenfortheirparentsCanhavedisastrousconsequences”(Walter,143)Momwasthevictimatlastattheconflictofmornandson．Itwasthe仃agedyofthesocietyinwhichmenwastryinghardtooverwhelmwomennomatterifthemanhadtheabilityornot．Thomas，thoughpersecutedbythetraditionalmalefeatures，hadnocorrespondingabilitieslikehisfathertointernalizethemaleauthority．Livingwithhismorn,hehadtodependhismominlife，andheevendidnothavetheabilitytoexceltheintruderwhodestroyedthecomfortablelifehehad．‘'Thomaskepttohisroomortheden．Hishomewastohimhome，workshop，church，aspersonalastheshellofaturtleandasnecessary．”(395)Onlyintheroom,heCanperceivethepeachandemergeintheimaginaryauthorityhewassupposedtohave． TheAphasiaofFemaleCharacters0’Connorrealizedthedilemmaoffemaleinthestoryundertheexploitingofmaleauthorityandexposedthatintheprocessing‘ofwomanrightmovement，malenolongerhadtheabsolutepoweroverfemale，whichmightgaverevelationtoallpeopleintheworld．3．2AphasiaofFemaleCharactersintheSociety0’ConnorcreatedthesestoriesalmostaftertheⅧI，inwhichtime，menfromthebattlegroundoccupiedthejobsagainwhichweretookbywomenduringthewar．Thosewomenwithoutworkwerechangedmentally．Theystartedtoobservethisworldwiththeirownselfconscience．Somefemalewritersandphilosophiesreviewedthetraditionalpatriarchalculturewhichcontrolledthesocietyforthousandsofyears．In1949，SimoneDeBeauvoirassertedthat‘'oneisnotborn，butratherbecomes，awoman．’’①Thepublicationofthisbookrepresentsthesecondclimaxoffeministmovement．Asasensitivewriter,0’Counorrealizedthecrisisoffemaleidentity,especiallyafterwarswhenthesouthundergoingtremendoustransformationoftraditionalvalues．Theoldtraditionalvalueswhichwasthecorrespondingproductofthesouthsocialstructureleftauncomfortableincubusonwomeninthesouth．Friedanmentionedtheroughburdenonwomeninherbookthat“Theproblemlayburied，unspoken,formanyyearsinthemindsofAmericanwomen．Itwasastrangestirring，asenseofdissatisfaction,ayearningthatwomensufferedinthemiddleofthetwentiethcenturyintheUnitedStates．’’②south0’Connorlivedwasexperiencingagreattransformationatthattimeafterworldwarwiththeboomingindustrychangingthetraditionaleconomyandvalues．LewisSimponassertedinonebookthat“theindependentself-sufficientagriculturalsocietygraduallycollapsedandhadtofacetobrutalmodemindustryworldafterthewar'，．@ThesouthwhowasdefeatedintheCivilWaragainentrappedoSimoneDeBeauvoir．TheSecondSex．Translated&EditedbyH．MParshley．London：LoweandBrydoneLtd．，1953．p-273圆Friedan，Betty．TheFeminineMys咖ue．NewYork：W．W．Norton&Company,Inc．，1963@LewisSimpon。TheDispossessedGarden：PastoralandHistoryinSouthernLiterature．Athens：Universit3,ofGeorgiaPress，1975，p．5235 四川师范大学硕士学位论文intothecrisisofidentity．Withthebreakdownofthesouthtraditionaleconomicpatternandthecollapseoftheplantation，the‘'PlantationLegend'’①wasjustamemoryhoveringinthemindofsoutherners．Thoughthegloriespastwiththewind，alotofsouthernwriterswerestillemerginginthepastnostalgicallybycreatingthelegendoftheoldsouth，inordertOrebuildanewlegendonthehonorandorderoftheoldpast，inwhichthepatriarchswerebravegentlemenwithdignity,andthematriarchsarerefinedladieswithcourageandpiositytOreligion．ThegrandmainAGoodman括HardtoFind,wasatypicalsouthladywhowasnostalgicabouttheplantationthattheironceowned．AndJuHan’SmotherofEverythingThatRisesMustConvergecouldnotletgohersuperiorityovertheBlacks，evenwhenshewasgoingtodie，sheaskedforherblacknursewhohaddiedformanyyears．Though，thesouthernerscreatedarigidcastle，theyhavetorealizethelostofpastlegends．Inthehalfof19mcentury,thesoutherswereawareofthepressionfromtheoutsideplacewiththeexpandingdifferenceswiththesouthandtheothers．TheytriedtodistinctthemselveswiththeYankees．Somewritercreatedalotofplanationnoveltoshowtheirpriorityovertheothers．Thesouthwasstillafairyland：menwhocontrollingthefamilyandsocietywerenobleandbravegentlemen，andthewomenwereelegant，piousladies．Afterthecivilwar,thenostalgicsouthernparadiseWaswrittenformanytimesbysomewriterstocoverupthepainbroughtbytheWar．Mostimportantly,inthishugesouthmyth，allthesouthernfemalewerebeautifiedasvirtuouslaboriouswomeninlife．Theyweretheprophetsandvirginswhotookcareoftheirfamilies，whowereafraidnothingaboutthecruelwar．Inthe20thcentury,thoughtheoldfemalevirtueshadchangedalotinthesouth，thosetraditionalvaluesstillrootedinpeople’Smind．Womenneedtodefineandknowwellaboutthemselves，butitisalongtogo．In20山century,thesouthernwomenstartedtOawakenconsciously．Theystartedtothinkabouttheirownidentitiesandtheoldvaluesimpostedonthem．Although，theconflictbetweentheirself-desiresandthesocialgenderidentitiesishardtobalance．①LouisD．RubinJr．，ed．，TheHistoryofSouthernLiterature,LouisianaStateUnive巧ityPress，1985，p．21036 1neAphasiaofFemaleCh越硪心Womensufferedlessfromtheiridentitycrises．Withthedevelopmentofeconomyandthechangingoflifestyleinthe20mcentury,southmovedtothemodemworldfromthebarrenagriculturalsociety．Moreandmorewomensteppedintothestageoftheworld．Ⅵ恤htheimpactofnewvaluesandcultures，womenstartedtoaskforthewomenrightsforthemselves．However,inthisradicalageforindependenceandfreedom,itiseasyforthemtosuspectandtobeconfusedaboutwhotheyexactare．Inthesametimeofabandoningthetraditionalvaluesintheoldageandappealingforpersonality,couldtheyfindwheretheyare?Itwouldbealongwayforallthewomentospeakforthemselvesinthesoceitg37 四川师范大学硕士学位论文38 ConclusionThispaperbyfocusingonO’Connor’Sshortstories，analyzesdifferenttypesoffemalefigureswhounderwentidentitycrisesanddigsO’Connor’Sconcernabouttheidentityconstructionissueofthesouthernwomen．Beforeunfoldingthediscussion,thispapergivesabriefintroductionaboutwhatisidentity,especiallythesocialidentity．Withtheinstability,humanbeing’Sidentitychangeswiththesocietyandenvironment．Andhumanhistorycanbeconsideredasajourneyofidentityseeking．MichaelDahlemoncesaidthat“Indeed，humanhistorymaybeunderstoodasthesearchforself-identity'’①Identityseekingisalsoapermanentmotifinliterature．AsasouthernfemalewriteLO’Connoralsocaredmuchabouttheidentityconstructionofwomeninthepatriarchalsociety．O’ConnorwroteherworksmostlyaftertheWorldWar,inwhichtime，womenexperiencedtremendoustransformationoftraditionalvaluesinthesouth．Thebuddingfeministmovementinitiatedthereflectionoftheidentitiesoffemales，andthefeministsstartedtorethinkaboutthemaleprerogativeculturethatdominatedthesocietyforthousandsofyears．Though，0’Connorasaatypicalfeminist，wasinfluencedbythenewideology．Shewasconsciousoftheconflictsofwomenwithmeninthesocietyandthedilemmathattheyweregoingtofaceinthefutureintheprocessofobtainingtheself-conscienceandidentification．Asafemalewriterwithstrongresponsibility,0’Connorshowedintenseconcernsofthecrisisofwomeninthesouth．Thefemalefiguresthispaperdiscussedareallfrustratedimageswhoexperiencedidentitycrisiswhenfightingwiththepatriarchalsocietyandwiththedominatingmen．Thispaperdiscussedviroustypesoffemaleimages，includingthelonelymasculinewomenwhowastryingtosubvertthemale-centeredsocietyby①MichaelDahlem．Self-identityandHumanHappiness．NewYork：Peter1．angPublishing，Inc．，2005．p．I39 四川师范大学硕士学位论文controllingthepeoplearoundthem．Theybelievedthatbyimitatingmasculinebehaviorandgettingridofallthefemaletraits，theycouldgettheauthorityinthesociety；includingtheselfishfogyishwomenwhoaretotallytheoppositetypeoftheformerone．Theytookoverallthetraditionalvaluesfromtheoldsouthbybeingthetraditionalfemalerolesexpectedbythepatriarchalsociety．Alwayslivinginthepastglories，theycouldnotfindwhotheyareandcouldnotgetacompleteidentity；includingthefrustrateddaughtersinthefamilywhoweretryingtobediversefromtheirmothers．Theywerecriticizedbytheirmothersandwaspulledtothetraditionalroadofsouthemvalues．Theconflictsbetweenmothersanddaughtersneverstopped．Throughisolatingfromtheirmothers，theytriedtOfindtheirownrolesinthesocietyintheprocessofselfidentityseeking．AlltheseimagesinO’Connor’Sshortstoriesarecarryingtheheavyburdenofsouthemsociety,buttheyhavenodiscourseforthemselves．Theyareaphasicinfamilyunderthesuppressoftheoldgenerationaswellastheyoungermales，whatismore，theyarealsoaphasicinthesociety．Astheinferiorroles，theycouldnotbethemselves．Intheprocessofselfevolving，theyaretotallyconfused．Strugglingbetweentherolesexpectedbythesocietyandtheirself-desire，thesewomenfounddifficultiestoanswer‘‘、Ⅳhotheyare”，justasCarolGilliganassertedinherbookInaDifferentVoicethatalotwomenexperiencedaharshagewhentheyhadtodistinguishthevoicetheyheardthemselvesfromthefemalevoicemoldedandexpectedbythesociety．①Theissueoffemaleidentityisamongtheconcernsofmanywriters．O’Cormorshowedintenseconcernaboutthesouthernfemaleselfseeking．Tobecomearealandcompletewomancombinestheprocessofbecomingtherealandcompletehumanbeing．However,O’Connorrealizedthedilemmafemaleencounteredinthepatriarchalsociety．Inthefamilyoffatherabsence，womengotmorethreatensandharmsfromtheouterworld．O’ConnorshowedhersympathytOthesewomen,butatthesametime，sherealizedtherelationshipofcomplicebetweenwomenandi／leainthetwistedsociety．Bysubversingthedominationofthesociety,womencouldnot①CarolGilligarL／n口DifferentVoice：PsychologicalTheo∥口甩dWom积台D唧却小硎t．NewYork：HaⅣardUniversityPress，1993．40 Conclusiongaintherealfreedommentally．Thisthesisstudiesthecrisisoffemaleidentitiesthat0’Connordemonstratedinhershortstories，providingadifferentinsightintoherconcernsaboutthesocietyespeciallythewomeninthesouth．Thoughitisdefinitelywithimperfectionandevenflawsofvariouskinds，theauthorhopesthisthesiswillhelptoprovideacomprehensiveunderstandingofO’Connor’Sworksdomestically．41 四JII@范大学硕士学位论文42 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