从跨文化的角度分析中美员工在冲突管理过程中的差异

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1、2．1CultureChapter2LiteratureReview2．1．1cultureDefinedCultureisoneofthemostoftendefinedconceptsinsocialsciencefield．Ingeneral，itrefersto“civilization”．Inparticular,itcallbeasspecificasopera，art，andballet(LarryA．SamovarandRichardE．Porter1995：23)Sincecukureisubiquitous，

2、multidimensional，complexandpervasive，itishardtogiveanexactdefinitiontoit．Afterstudyingmorethanonehundreddefinitions，KroeberandKluckhohnofferedoneofthemostcomprehensiveandwell．knowndefinitions：‘Cultureconsistsofpattems，explicitandimplicit，ofandforbehavioracquiredandtr

3、ansmittedbysymbols，constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups，includingtheirembodimentinartifacts；TheessentialCOreofcultureconsistsoftraditional(i．e．historicallyderivedandselected)ideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues；culturesystemsmay,ontheonehandbeconsidere

4、dasproductsofaction，ontheotber’asconditioningelementsforfutureactions．’(StephanDahl1999：w、wstephan．dahl．at／intercultural／about_culture．html)Fromtheabovedefinition，welearnthat1)Culturedeterminesone’sperceptionoftheworldandshapesone’swordsandbehaviors2)“Cultureislearne

5、d，notinberited．Itderivesfromone’Senvironment．notfromone’sgenes．"(Hofstede，1997：5)Apersonlearnshiscultureinmanywaysandfromvarioussources，likefamily,folktales，andart，ere，bothconsciouslyandunconsciously3)CultureistransmittedfromonegenerationtoanotheLForaculturetoexist，i

6、tmustensurethatitsCOreCOntentispassedon．Anybreakinthetransmissionprocesspossiblyleadstothedisappearanceofaculture．4)Cultureisshared．Itisacollectivephenomenon．Atleastagroupofpeoplewholiveinthesamesocialenvironmentacceptcertainculture．TheyagreetospeakandbehaveaS4thecul

7、tureregulates5)Cultureissubjecttochange．Cultureisadynamicphenomenonandthereforeissubjecttochangewithcross—culturalcontactanddevelopmentofhumansociety．However,itshouldbenotedthatalthoughmanyaspectsofculturearesubjecttochange，thedeepstruclureofacultureresistsmajoralter

8、ations．2．1．2Hofstede'sCulturaiDimensions“CultureislikeakindofsoRwareinmind．Aperson’Sthinkingpattem，feeling，andactingareprogrammedby