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1、NICOMACHEANETHICSbyAristotletranslatedbyW.D.RossBOOKI1EVERYartandeveryinquiry,andsimilarlyeveryactionandpursuit,isthoughttoaimatsomegood;andforthisreasonthegoodhasrightlybeendeclaredtobethatatwhichallthingsaim.Butacertaindifferenceisfoundamongends;someareactiv
2、ities,othersareproductsapartfromtheactivitiesthatproducethem.Wherethereareendsapartfromtheactions,itisthenatureoftheproductstobebetterthantheactivities.Now,astherearemanyactions,arts,andsciences,theirendsalsoaremany;theendofthemedicalartishealth,thatofshipbuil
3、dingavessel,thatofstrategyvictory,thatofeconomicswealth.Butwheresuchartsfallunderasinglecapacity-asbridle-makingandtheotherartsconcernedwiththeequipmentofhorsesfallundertheartofriding,andthisandeverymilitaryactionunderstrategy,inthesamewayotherartsfallunderyet
4、others-inallofthesetheendsofthemasterartsaretobepreferredtoallthesubordinateends;foritisforthesakeoftheformerthatthelatterarepursued.Itmakesnodifferencewhethertheactivitiesthemselvesaretheendsoftheactions,orsomethingelseapartfromtheactivities,asinthecaseofthes
5、ciencesjustmentioned.2If,then,thereissomeendofthethingswedo,whichwedesireforitsownsake(everythingelsebeingdesiredforthesakeofthis),andifwedonotchooseeverythingforthesakeofsomethingelse(foratthatratetheprocesswouldgoontoinfinity,sothatourdesirewouldbeemptyandva
6、in),clearlythismustbethegoodandthechiefgood.Willnottheknowledgeofit,then,haveagreatinfluenceonlife?Shallwenot,likearcherswhohaveamarktoaimat,bemorelikelytohituponwhatisright?Ifso,wemusttry,inoutlineatleast,todeterminewhatitis,andofwhichofthesciencesorcapacitie
7、sitistheobject.Itwouldseemtobelongtothemostauthoritativeartandthatwhichismosttrulythemasterart.Andpoliticsappearstobeofthisnature;foritisthisthatordainswhichofthesciencesshouldbestudiedinastate,andwhicheachclassofcitizensshouldlearnanduptowhatpointtheyshouldle
8、arnthem;andweseeeventhemosthighlyesteemedofcapacitiestofallunderthis,e.g.strategy,economics,rhetoric;now,sincepoliticsusestherestofthesciences,andsince,again,itlegislatesastowhatwe