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1、350BCPRIORANALYTICSbyAristotletranslatedbyA.J.JenkinsonBookI1WEmustfirststatethesubjectofourinquiryandthefacultytowhichitbelongs:itssubjectisdemonstrationandthefacultythatcarriesitoutdemonstrativescience.Wemustnextdefineapremiss,aterm,andasyllogism,andthenatureofaperfectandofanimperfectsyllo
2、gism;andafterthat,theinclusionornoninclusionofoneterminanotherasinawhole,andwhatwemeanbypredicatingonetermofall,ornone,ofanother.Apremissthenisasentenceaffirmingordenyingonethingofanother.Thisiseitheruniversalorparticularorindefinite.ByuniversalImeanthestatementthatsomethingbelongstoallornon
3、eofsomethingelse;byparticularthatitbelongstosomeornottosomeornottoall;byindefinitethatitdoesordoesnotbelong,withoutanymarktoshowwhetheritisuniversalorparticular,e.g.'contrariesaresubjectsofthesamescience',or'pleasureisnotgood'.Thedemonstrativepremissdiffersfromthedialectical,becausethedemons
4、trativepremissistheassertionofoneoftwocontradictorystatements(thedemonstratordoesnotaskforhispremiss,butlaysitdown),whereasthedialecticalpremissdependsontheadversary'schoicebetweentwocontradictories.Butthiswillmakenodifferencetotheproductionofasyllogismineithercase;forboththedemonstratorandt
5、hedialecticianarguesyllogisticallyafterstatingthatsomethingdoesordoesnotbelongtosomethingelse.Thereforeasyllogisticpremisswithoutqualificationwillbeanaffirmationordenialofsomethingconcerningsomethingelseinthewaywehavedescribed;itwillbedemonstrative,ifitistrueandobtainedthroughthefirstprincip
6、lesofitsscience;whileadialecticalpremissisthegivingofachoicebetweentwocontradictories,whenamanisproceedingbyquestion,butwhenheissyllogizingitistheassertionofthatwhichisapparentandgenerallyadmitted,ashasbeensaidintheTopics.Thenaturethenofapremissandthedifferencebetweensyllogistic,demonstrativ
7、e,anddialecticalpremisses,maybetakenassufficientlydefinedbyusinrelationtoourpresentneed,butwillbestatedaccuratelyinthesequel.Icallthatatermintowhichthepremissisresolved,i.e.boththepredicateandthatofwhichitispredicated,'being'beingaddedand'notbeing'
