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1、生态学杂志ChineseJournalofEcology2006,25(4):428～4343大坝的生态效应:概念、研究热点及展望33姚维科崔保山刘杰董世魁(北京师范大学环境学院水环境模拟国家重点实验室,北京100875)摘要大坝产生的生态效应涉及范围广、周期长,在对社会经济发展起到积极作用的同时,也对生态、环境造成了一定的影响。在评述国内外对大坝生态效应概念和内涵理解的基础上,提出了大坝生态效应链和生态效应网的概念。依据大坝建设和运行的特点,结合流域生态系统的特征分别论述了大坝对水文、局地生态的调节效应以及屏障效应和
2、岛屿化、截留效应、边缘效应、水温效应等国内外研究的热点。最后,提出了今后大坝生态效应的研究方向:1)生态正效应、生态效应链和生态效应网;2)生态系统过程和状态生态效应;3)不同时空尺度下生态效应及其尺度推绎方法等3个方面的研究。关键词大坝,生态效应,生态效应链,生态效应网,生态效应类型,时空尺度中图分类号X17114文献标识码A文章编号1000-4890(2006)04-0428-07Ecologicaleffectsofdam:Concepts,researchhotspotsandprospects.YAOWeik
3、e,CUIBaoshan,LIUJie,DONGShikui(StateKeyLaboratoryofWaterEnvironmentalSimulation,SchoolofEnvironment,BeijingNormalUniversity,Beijing100875,China).ChineseJournalofEcology,2006,25(4):428～434.Despiteofthesignificanceinenergysupplyandsociety-andeconomydevelopment,dam
4、hasbeenvehement2lycriticizedbecauseofitsvariousecologicalandenvironmentaleffects,especiallythenegativeones.Theecolog2icaleffectsofdaminvolveinwiderangeandlongterm,whichcausecertaininfluenceontheecologyandenvi2ronmentthroughthechangesinaquaticecosystemandhydrolog
5、icalcondition.Basedonthecharactersofdamandwatershedecosystem,thelatestresearcheswerefocusedontheecologicaleffectsofdaminregulatinghy2drologicalprocessandlocalecologicalcondition,barriereffectsandinsularity,interceptingeffects,edgeeffects,andwaterthermaleffects.D
6、erivingfromtheconceptsoffoodchainandweb,thispaperdefinedtheecologicaleffectchainandwebofdam,onthebasisofanalyzingtheconceptionandconnotationofecologicaleffect,andfirstly,itshistory,andputforwardtheresearchdirectionsontheecologicaleffectsofdam,i.e.,1)whattheecolo
7、gicalpositiveeffectsandtheecologicaleffectchainsandwebsare,andhowtoexplore,buildandassessthem,2)howtoidentifyandunderlinetheecologicaleffectsontheecosystemprocessandcondition,3)howtoaddressanddistinguishthecharacteristicsofeachecologicaleffectatdifferenttemporal
8、andspatialscale,maketherelationshipsbetweenthemclear,andtoscaledownandup.Theseresearcheswouldavailourseriousconsiderationtotheplanning,building,operatingandmanagingof
