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1、外文翻译一原文部分TransportationmanagementTransportcostisinfluencedbysevenfactors.Thespecificfactorsaredistance,volume,density,stow-ability,handling,liability,andmarket.Ingeneral,theabovesequencereflectstherelativeimportanceofeachfactor.Distanceisamajorinfluenceontransportation
2、costsinceitdirectlycontributestovariablecost,suchaslabor,fuelandmaintenance.Thesecondfactorisloadvolume.Likemanyotherlogisticsactivities,transportationscaleeconomicsexistformostmovements.Transportationcostperunitofweightdecreasesasloadvolumeincreases.Thethirdeconomicfa
3、ctorisproductdensity,whichincorporatesweightandspaceconsiderations.Theseareimportantsincetransportationcostisusuallyquotedintermsofdollarsperunitofweight,suchasamountperton.Intermsofweightandspace,anindividualvehicleisconstrainedmorebyspacethanbyweight.Onceavehicleisfu
4、llintermsofspace,itisnotpossibletoincreasetheamountcarriedeveniftheproductislight.Sinceactualvehiclelaborandfuelexpensesarenotdramaticallyinfluencedbyweight,higherdensityproductsallowrelativelyfixedtransportcoststobespreadacrossadditionalweight.Asaresult,theseproductsa
5、reassessedlowertransportcostsperunitofweight.Thestowabilityfactorreferstoproductdimensionsandhowtheyaffectvehiclespaceutilization.Oddsizesandspaces,aswellasexcessiveweightorlength,donotshowwellandtypicallywastespace.Itemswithstandardrectangularshapesaremucheasiertoshow
6、thanodd-shapeditems.Specialhandlingequipmentmayberequiredforloadingorunloadingtrucks,railcars,orships.Furthermore,themannerinwhichproductsarephysicallygroupedtogether(e.g.,taped,boxed,orpalletized)fortransportandstoragealsoaffectshandlingcost.Finally,marketfactors,such
7、aslanevolumeandbalance,influencetransportationcost.Atransportlanereferstomovementsbetweenoriginanddestinationpoints.Sincetransportationvehiclesanddriversmustreturntotheirorigin,eithertheymustfindaloadtobringback(“back-haul"),orwhendeadheadmovementsoccur,labor,fuel,andm
8、aintenancecostsmustbechargedagainsttheoriginal"front-haul”move.Thus,theidealsituationisfor"balancccTmoveswherevolumei
