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1、外文翻译—原文部分TransportationmanagementTransportcostisinfluencedbysevenfactors.Thespecificfactorsaredistance,volume,density,stow-ability,handling,liability,andmarket.Ingeneral,theabovesequencereflectstherelativeimportanceofeachfactor.Distanceisamajorinfluenceontransportat
2、ioncostsinceitdirectlycontributestovariablecost,suchaslabor,fuelandmaintenance.Thesecondfactorisloadvolume.Likemanyotherlogisticsactivities,transportationscaleeconomicsexistformostmovements.Transportationcostperunitofweightdecreasesasloadvolumeincreases.Thethirdecon
3、omicfactorisproductdensity,whichincorporatesweightandspaceconsiderations.Theseareimportantsincetransportationcostisusuallyquotedintermsofdollarsperunitofweight,suchasamountperton.Intermsofweightandspace,anindividualvehicleisconstrainedmorebyspacethanbyweight.Onceave
4、hicleisfullintermsofspace,itisnotpossibletoincreasetheamountcarriedeveniftheproductislight.Sinceactualvehiclelaborandfuelexpensesarenotdramaticallyinfluencedbyweight,higherdensityproductsallowrelativelyfixedtransportcoststobespreadacrossadditionalweight.Asaresult,th
5、eseproductsareassessedlowertransportcostsperunitofweight.Thestowabilityfactorreferstoproductdimensionsandhowtheyaffectvehiclespaceultilization.Oddsizesandspaces,aswellasexcessiveweightorlength,donotshowwellandtypicallywastespace.Itemswithstandardrectangularshapesare
6、mucheasiertoshowthanodd-shapeditems.Specialhandlingequipmentmayberequiredforloadingorunloadingtrucks,railcars,orships.Furthermore,themannerinwhichproductsarephysicallygroupedtogether(e.g.,taped,boxed,orpalletized)fortransportandstoragealsoaffectshandlingcost.Finally
7、,marketfactors,suchaslanevolumeandbalance,influencetransportationcost.Atransportlanereferstomovementsbetweenoriginanddestinationpoints.Sincetransportationvehiclesanddriversmustreturntotheirorigin,eithertheymustfindaloadtobringback(“back-haul”),orwhendeadheadmovement
8、soccur,labor,fuel,andmaintenancecostsmustbechargedagainsttheoriginal“front-haul”move.Thus,theidealsituationisfor“balanced”moveswherevolume