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1、Moral/EthicalDilemmas伦理困境也被称为道德悖论,是指陷于几个道德命令之间的明显冲突,如果遵守其中一项,就将违犯另一项的情形。Trolleyproblem电车难题这是一个伦理学的思想实验。其大致内容是:假设一辆有轨电车失去控制,即将撞上前面的5个人,这时可以通过搬动道岔来避免该事故,但另外一条岔道上却有1个人,那么,是否可以通过牺牲这一个人的生命而拯救另外五个人?此难题可以变化,如一条岔道有一人,另外一条可以改成更多人或更少人,另外五人可以改成罪犯。TheOvercrowdedLif
2、eboatIn1842,ashipstruckanicebergandmorethan30survivorswerecrowdedintoalifeboatintendedtohold7.Asastormthreatened,itbecameobviousthatthelifeboatwouldhavetobelightenedifanyoneweretosurvive.Thecaptainreasonedthattherightthingtodointhissituationwastoforceso
3、meindividualstogooverthesideanddrown.Suchanaction,hereasoned,wasnotunjusttothosethrownoverboard,fortheywouldhavedrownedanyway.Ifhedidnothing,however,hewouldberesponsibleforthedeathsofthosewhomhecouldhavesaved.Somepeopleopposedthecaptain'sdecision.Theycl
4、aimedthatifnothingweredoneandeveryonediedasaresult,noonewouldberesponsibleforthesedeaths.Ontheotherhand,ifthecaptainattemptedtosavesome,hecoulddosoonlybykillingothersandtheirdeathswouldbehisresponsibility;thiswouldbeworsethandoingnothingandlettingalldie
5、.Thecaptainrejectedthisreasoning.Sincetheonlypossibilityforrescuerequiredgreateffortsofrowing,thecaptaindecidedthattheweakestwouldhavetobesacrificed.Inthissituationitwouldbeabsurd,hethought,todecidebydrawinglotswhoshouldbethrownoverboard.Asitturnedout,a
6、fterdaysofhardrowing,thesurvivorswererescuedandthecaptainwastriedforhisaction.Ifyouhadbeenonthejury,howwouldyouhavedecided?AFather'sAgonizingChoiceYouareaninmateinaconcentrationcamp.Asadisticguardisabouttohangyoursonwhotriedtoescapeandwantsyoutopullthec
7、hairfromunderneathhim.Hesaysthatifyoudon'thewillnotonlykillyoursonbutsomeotherinnocentinmateaswell.Youdon'thaveanydoubtthathemeanswhathesays.Whatshouldyoudo?Sophie'sChoice,notinGrassianInthenovelSophie'sChoice,byWilliamStyron,aPolishwoman,SophieZawistow
8、ska,isarrestedbytheNazisandsenttotheAuschwitzdeathcamp.Onarrival,sheis"honored"fornotbeingaJewbybeingallowedachoice:Oneofherchildrenwillbesparedthegaschamberifshechooseswhichone.Inanagonyofindecision,asbothchildrenarebeingtakenaw