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1、Moral/EthicalDilemmas伦理困境也被称为道德悖论，是指陷于几个道德命令之间的明显冲突，如果遵守其中一项，就将违犯另一项的情形。Trolleyproblem电车难题这是一个伦理学的思想实验。其大致内容是：假设一辆有轨电车失去控制，即将撞上前面的5个人，这时可以通过搬动道岔来避免该事故，但另外一条岔道上却有1个人，那么，是否可以通过牺牲这一个人的生命而拯救另外五个人？此难题可以变化，如一条岔道有一人，另外一条可以改成更多人或更少人，另外五人可以改成罪犯。TheOvercrowdedLifeboatIn1842,ashipstruck
2、anicebergandmorethan30survivorswerecrowdedintoalifeboatintendedtohold7.Asastormthreatened,itbecameobviousthatthelifeboatwouldhavetobelightenedifanyoneweretosurvive.Thecaptainreasonedthattherightthingtodointhissituationwastoforcesomeindividualstogooverthesideanddrown.Suchanact
3、ion,hereasoned,wasnotunjusttothosethrownoverboard,fortheywouldhavedrownedanyway.Ifhedidnothing,however,hewouldberesponsibleforthedeathsofthosewhomhecouldhavesaved.Somepeopleopposedthecaptain'sdecision.Theyclaimedthatifnothingweredoneandeveryonediedasaresult,noonewouldberespon
4、sibleforthesedeaths.Ontheotherhand,ifthecaptainattemptedtosavesome,hecoulddosoonlybykillingothersandtheirdeathswouldbehisresponsibility;thiswouldbeworsethandoingnothingandlettingalldie.Thecaptainrejectedthisreasoning.Sincetheonlypossibilityforrescuerequiredgreateffortsofrowin
5、g,thecaptaindecidedthattheweakestwouldhavetobesacrificed.Inthissituationitwouldbeabsurd,hethought,todecidebydrawinglotswhoshouldbethrownoverboard.Asitturnedout,afterdaysofhardrowing,thesurvivorswererescuedandthecaptainwastriedforhisaction.Ifyouhadbeenonthejury,howwouldyouhave
6、decided?AFather'sAgonizingChoiceYouareaninmateinaconcentrationcamp.Asadisticguardisabouttohangyoursonwhotriedtoescapeandwantsyoutopullthechairfromunderneathhim.Hesaysthatifyoudon'thewillnotonlykillyoursonbutsomeotherinnocentinmateaswell.Youdon'thaveanydoubtthathemeanswhathesa
7、ys.Whatshouldyoudo?Sophie'sChoice,notinGrassianInthenovelSophie'sChoice,byWilliamStyron,aPolishwoman,SophieZawistowska,isarrestedbytheNazisandsenttotheAuschwitzdeathcamp.Onarrival,sheis"honored"fornotbeingaJewbybeingallowedachoice:Oneofherchildrenwillbesparedthegaschamberifsh
8、echooseswhichone.Inanagonyofindecision,asbothchildrenarebeingtakenaw
