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1、AutomobileBrakeSystemThebreakingsystemisthemostimportantsystemincars.Ifthebreaksfail,theresultcanbedisastrous.Brakesareactuallyconversiondevices,whichconvertthekineticenergy(momentum)ofthevehicleintothermalenergy(heat).Whensteppingonthebrakes,thedriverco
2、mmandsastoppingforcetentimesaspowerfulastheforcethatputsthecarinmotion.Thebrakingsystemcanexertthousandsofpoundsofpressureoneachofthefourbrakes.Twocompleteindependentbrakingsystemareusedonthecar.Theyaretheservicebrakeandtheparkingbrake.Theservicebrakeact
3、stoslow,stop,orholdthevehicleduringnormaldriving.Theyarefoot-operatedbythedriverdepressingandreleasingthebrakepedal.Theprimarypurposeofthebrakeisholdthevehiclestationarywhileitisunattended.Theparkingbrakeismechanicallyoperatedbywhenaseparateparkingbrakef
4、ootpedalorhandleverisset.Thebrakesystemiscomposedofthefollowingbasiccomponents:the“mastercylinder”whichislocatedunderthehood,andisdirectlyconnectedtothebrakepedal,convertsdriversfoot’smechanicalpressureintohydraulicpressure.Steel“brakelines”andflexible“b
5、rakehoses”connectthemastercylindertothe“slavecylinder”locatedateachwheel.Brakefluid,speciallydesignedtoworkinextremeconditions,fillthesystem.“Shoes”and“pads”arepushedbytheslavecylinderstocontactthe“drums”and“rotors”thuscausingdrag,which(hopefully)slowsth
6、ecar.Thetypicalbrakesystemconsistsofdiskbrakesinfrontandeitherdiskofdrumbrakesintherearconnectedbyasystemoftubesandhosesthatlinkthebraketoateachwheeltothemastercylinder(Figure).Basically,allcarbrakesarefrictionbrakes.Whenthedriverappliesthebrake,thecontr
7、oldeviceforcesbrakesshoes,orpads,againsttherotatingbrakedrumordiskatwheel.Frictionbetweentheshoesorpadsandthedrumsordisksthenslowsorstopsthewheelsothatthecarisbraked.Inmostmodernbrakesystems,thereisafluid-filledcylinder,calledmastercylinder,whichcontains
8、twoseparatesections,thereisapistonineachsectionandbothpistonsareconnectedtoabrakepedalinthedriver’scompartment.Whenthebrakepusheddown,brakefluidissentformthemastercylindertothewheels.Atthewheels,thefluidpushesshoes,orpads,
