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1、Argument时序性因果攻击Firstly,theauthorisengagedin‘afterthis,therefore,becauseofthis’reasoning.ThelineofreasoningisthatbecauseAhappenedbeforeB,theformercausedthelatter.However,thisreasoningisfallaciousunlessotherpossiblecausalfactorshavebeenconsideredandruledout.Forexample,perhapsC.Asaresult,anydecisionaim
2、edataddressingtheproblemofBmustbebasedonamorethoroughinvestigationtogatherdatainordertonarrowdownandlocatetheactualcauseofB.同时性因果攻击Secondly,theauthor’ssolutionrestsontheassumptionthatAisthecauseofBjustbecauseAcoincidedwithB.However,amerepositionalcorrelationdoesnotnecessarilyproveacausalrelationship
3、.Inaddition,allotherprospectivecausesofB,suchasCandD,mustberuledout.WithoutdetailedanalysisoftherealsourceofB,itwouldbegroundlesstoattributeBtoA.错误类比攻击Additionally,itishighlydoubtfulthatstrategiesdrawnfromAareapplicabletoB.However,differencesbetweenthesetwoclearlyoutweighthesimilarities,thereforemak
4、ingtheanalogymuchlessvalid.Forexample,CandDallaffectAbutvirtuallyabsentinB.Accordingly,wecanseethatAandBaresodissimilarthatBisunlikelytoexperiencethesameconsequenceifitadoptsA’sstrategies.非此即彼攻击Lastbutnotleast,theauthorunfairlyassumesthatareadermustmakeaeither-orchoice.However,theargumentfailstorule
5、outpossibilitythatadjustingAandBmightproducebetterresults.Moreover,iftheauthoriswrongintheassumptionthatAandBaretheonlycausesoftheproblem,thusthemosteffectivesolutionmightincludeacomplexofotherfactors—suchasCandD.Inanyevent,theauthorprovidesnojustificationforthemutuallyexclusivechoiceimposedontherea
6、der.必要性攻击Inthefirstplace,theauthorunfairlyassumesthatBwasdeterminedsolelybyA.WhileAisaseeminglyimportantelementindeterminingB,itishardlytheonlyorevennecessarilyrequiredelement.ThisassumptionoverlooksothercrucialcriteriaindeterminingB—suchasC,D.Withoutaccountingforthesepotentialfactors,theauthorconcl
7、udestoohastilythat…isthebestwaytoachievegoals.充分性攻击Inthesecondplace,theauthor’ssolutionrestsontheassumptionthatAissufficienttogivebirthtothedesiredgoals.However,ifitturnsoutthatBisduetoacombinationoff
