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1、NEGATIVEANDPOSITIVEPOSITIVISMJULESL.COLMAN*UniversityofArizonaEverytheoryaboutthenatureoressenceoflawpurportstoprovideastandard,usuallyintheformofastatementofnecessaryandsufficientconditions,fordeterminingwhichofacommunity'snormsconstituteitslaw.Forexample,thenaiveversionoflegalrealismmaintai
2、nsthatthelawofacommunityisconstitutedbytheofficialpronouncementsofjudges.FortheearlypositivistslikeAustin,lawconsistsinthecommandsofasovereign,properlyso-called.Forsubstantivenaturallawtheory,ineveryconceivablelegalsystem,beingatrueprincipleofmoralityisanecessaryconditionoflegalityforatleasts
3、omenorms.LegalpositivismofthesortassociatedwithH.L.A.Hartmaintainsthat,ineverycommu-nitywherelawexists,thereexistsastandardthatdetermineswhichofthecommunity'snormsarelegalones.FollowingHart,thisstandardisusu-allyreferredtoasaruleofrecognition.Ifallthatpositivismmeantbyaruleofrecognitionwere“t
4、hestandardineverycommunitybywhichacommunity'slegalnormsweremadedeterminate,"everytheoryoflawwouldbereducibletooneoranotherversionofpositivism.Whichformofpositivismeachwouldtakewoulddependontheparticularsubstantiveconditionsoflegalitythateachtheorysetout.Legalpositivismwouldbetrueanalytically,
5、sinceitwouldbeimpossibletoconceiveofatheoryoflawthatdidnotsatisfytheminimalconditionsforaruleofrecognition.Unfortunately,thesortoftruthlegalpositivismwouldthenrevealwouldbeanuninterestingone.Inordertodistinguisharuleofrecognitioninthepositivistsensefromotherstatementsoftheconditionsoflegality
6、,andthereforetodistinguishpositivismfromalternativejurisprudentialtheses,additionalconstraintsmustbeplacedontheruleofrecognition,candidatesfortheseconstraintsfallintotwocategories:restrictionsontheconditionsoflegalitysetoutinaruleofrecognition;andconstraintsonthepossiblesourcesofauthority(orn
7、ormativity)oftheruleofrecognition.Anexampleofthefirstsortofconstraintisexpressedbytherequire-mentthatineverycommunitytheconditionsoflegalitymustbeonesofpedigreeorform,notsubstanceorcontent.Accordingly,forarulespecifyingtheconditionsoflegality
