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1、英文文献翻译：BasicsurveyingandmappingIntroductionTheconceptandclassificationofthefirstsectionsurveyingandmapping(SurveyingandMapping;SM)Aconcept,surveyingandmapping(SurveyingandMapping;SM)Surveyingandmappingistheacquisitionofgeographicinformation(thedetermination,collectionofItal
2、y),ascientificprocessing,descriptionandapplication.Itscontentsinclude:Studyondetermination,describingtheshapeoftheearth,size,gravity,surfacemorphologyandtheirvariouschanges,determinethenaturalandartificialobjects,artificialfacilitiesspatiallocationandattributes,madeofvariou
3、smap(includingtopographicmap)andtheestablishmentofinformationsystem.Modernsurveyingandmappingtechniqueshavebeenappliedtosomeotherplanetsandthemoon.Theconceptofgeographicalinformation(Geographicalinformation;GI):reflectthecharacteristicsofgeographicalsystemanditsfactors,vari
4、ousinformationdynamic,rhythm,rhythm,cycleanddistribution.Thegeneralistheimageofgeographicinformation,digitalgeographicinformationandfileinformation.Avarietyofgeographicinformationofmoderngeographythroughobservation,statistics,documentretrieval,aerialsurvey,groundmeasurement
5、s,theaircraftmeasurementforinformationonthesurfaceoftheearthandspacecondition.Theconceptofgeographicinformationsystem(GeographicalInformationSystem;GIS):supportedbycomputerhardware,allkindsofgeographicinformationaccordingtothespatialdistribution,inacertainformatinput,storag
6、e,retrieval,update,display,graphicsandcomprehensiveanalysisofthetechnologysystem.Itcontainsdata,symbolandimageetc..TheconceptofMeasurementScience(Surveying):surveyingisthestudyofhowtodeterminethelocationofthegroundplanepointsandelevation,thetopographyoftheearth'ssurfaceando
7、therinformationofSurveyingandmapping(withmapandtopographicmap),andstudytheearth'ssizeandshapeofascience.Determinationoftheconceptreferstotheuseofmeasuringinstrumentsandmethods,throughthemeasurementandcalculation,obtainthemeasureddataofthegroundpoint,ortothetopographyoftheea
8、rth'ssurfaceaccordingtoacertainproportionshrinkingastopography,forscientificresear
