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-第一章名词同学们,让我们一起来观察下面的单词:bananawatercupbirdmanmotherfatherlifeideaBeijingChinaSmithMondayNo.2MiddleSchooltheGreatWall我们发现,以上单词都是表示人或事物名称的词,我们把它们称为名词,用符号n.来表示。名词到底学什么?一是名词的分类;二是名词的数;三是名词的所有格。第一节名词的分类接下来,我们来学习一下名词的分类。专有名词:China,theGreatWall,Helen(世上独一无二):专有名词和由普通名词构成的专名名名词类格数单数abook可数名词词复数 twobooks普通名词1)水质的:water,milk,juice不可数名词2)油质的:oil,butter,soap, 3)粉末状的:chalk,bread第二节名词的数我们知道,按照数的划分,名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类。接着让我们进入以下的精彩学习吧!一.可数名词先来看一下可数名词单数变复数的变化:1.规则变化(口诀:ses加双变)①直接+s例如:books,chairs,students,oranges②以字母-s,-x,-ch,-sh,–o结尾的名词,在词尾加-es例如:boxes,peaches,watches,dishes以o结尾的名词变为复数词尾加es的口诀:黑人(Negroes)英雄(heroes)在火山(volcanoes)上吃芒果(mangos/es)土豆(potatoes)西红柿(tomatoes)提示:radios,photos③以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加-es例如:family—families,baby—babies(以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词,直接加-s例:boys,toys,monkeys)④以字母-f,-fe结尾的名词,变f/fe为ves口诀:妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去宰狼(wolf),小偷(thief)吓得丢面包(loaf)躲在架(shelf)后保己(self)命(life),半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮目光对应复数为:wives,knives,wolves,thieves,loaves,shelves,selves,lives,halves,leaves注:词尾可以直接加s的词有:roofs,chiefs,safes,cliffs,gulfs,golfs;词尾可以加s也可加es的有:scarf,handkerchief2.名词变复数的发音规则名词后加s,es发音为:/s/,/z/,/iz/口诀:清清浊浊元浊,/t/,/d/后发/ts/,/dz/,遇到/s,z,t∫,d3,∫,3/发/iz/例如:shops/ps/ducks/ks/ 例如:pens/z/;boys/z/ 例如:cats/ts/hats/ts/passports/ts/tourists/ts/例如:birds/dz/friends/dz/cards/dz/例如:buses/siz/sizes/ziz/peaches/t∫iz/oranges/d3iz/3.不规则变化(1)口诀:有些名词特殊记,foot,tooth和goose,oo变ee;多个孩子多个人,男人女人a变e;鹿羊鱼耍脾气,保持原身体。--- -小老鼠真淘气,掉进冰里丢身体。(ox公牛—oxen)注:fish的用法(3fish,kindsoffishes,eatsomefish)(2)口诀:“两个名词”在一起,前不变,后变,除了男人和女人,主体名词加s,以上规则须牢记。appletree—appletrees,keyboardoperator—keyboardoperators,girlfriend—girlfiends,boystudent—boystudents,但mandoctor—mendoctors,womandoctor—womendoctors;stepmother,mother-in-law(3)表“国人”的名词:口诀:中日不变,英法变,其余s加后面。a.Chinese—Chinese,Japanese—Japanese,b.Englishman—Englishmen,Frenchman—Frenchmen,c.American—Americans,German—Germans(以-can,-an结尾的国人+s)4.集体名词family,class等强调“整体”谓语(单数)强调“成员”谓语(复数)例如:Myfamilyishappy.MyfamiliesarewatchingTV.I’minClassFourandIhavefourclasseseverymorning.5.群体名词:people,police两词本身就是“复数”,谓语动词用“复数”(be动词应用are)例如:Therearemanypeopleintheroom.Thepolicearerunningafterthethieves.二、不可数名词1.常见的不可数名词有三类:1)水质的:water,milk,juice2)油质的:oil,butter,soap3)粉末状的:chalk,bread2.雷打不动十大不可数名词:work,progress,news;health,information,advice;music,fun;weather,luck为方便记忆,特送口诀:工作进步好消息,健康信息多建议,爱听音乐有乐趣,天气真好是运气。3.量的表达:不可数名词不能与数词连用,仅能与little/alittle/much/abit等不可数限定词连用。不可数名词要表达量,必须借助数量词短语。公式:a/an/数词+量词+of+不可数名词例如:news一条新闻:apieceofnews;bread一块/条面包:aloafofbreadcoffee一杯咖啡:acupofcoffee;soap一块肥皂:abarofsoap注意他们的复数形式:只变数量词。acupofcoffee→twocupsofcoffee常用的数量词的表达结构:(必会)aglassof(一玻璃杯…),acupof(一茶杯…),abottleof(一瓶),apieceof(一片、和条等),aloafof(一块…),apoundof(一磅…),apairof(一双,副,条…),abagof(一袋),等。4.单个不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:Airisveryimportantforus.拓展部分:同学们,该我们找规律了。(一)manystudents,afewbooks(有一些书),fewbooks(没几本书),anumberofstudents(许多学生),(thenumberofstudents…的数量,后面谓语动词用单数,比如be动词用is)alotofapples(许多苹果)someeggs修饰可数名词复数的词:many,afew,few,anumberof,thenumberof,alotof(二)muchmoneyalittlemoney(有一些钱)littlemoney(几乎没钱)alotofmoney(许多钱)somemoney修饰不可数名词的词:much,alittle,little,alotof,some(三)既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词为:alotof,some--- -第二节名词的所有格一、定义:名词所有格即表示这个名词归谁所有的问题。名词的这种所有格吧!共分为三种类型:’s所有格,of所有格,双重所有格,(一)’s所有格:名词+’s或+s’(多表示有生命的东西;1.单数名词的所有格+’s:例如:Tom’sbook,Children’sDay2.复数以s结尾只+’ 例如:Teachers’Day3.表示两个人的所有格:如果两人“共用”一个物体,则只在后一个人的后面+’s例如:Lucy和Lily的房间:LucyandLily’sroom(两人共用);如果两人“各用各的”,则都需要分别+’s.例如:Lucy’sandLily’srooms(一人一间)做题技巧:关键看“’”后的名词:如果是“单数”说明两人共有,只在后者+’s。如果是“复数”,说明各是各的,两个词都要+’s。4.表示某人的“家,店铺”等所有格用’s后的名词常省略。(新一L69)例如:atthebutcher’s(shop)gotomymother’s(house)口诀:想用职业来表地点,人的前面+the,后面+’s。atthebaker’s,注意:如果是人名,则不用前加the,只在其后加’s。例如:atMary’s.5.特殊用法:(1)Aftertheexamwe’llhaveatwomonths’holiday=atwo-monthholiday(2)EverymorningMr.Smithtakesa20minutes’walktohisoffice.=a20-minutewalk(3)Thereisafivestars’hotel.=afive-starhotel口诀:数-单名作定语,修饰其后的名词。表时间,距离常用’s所有格。二、of所有格(多表示无生命的东西)例如:aphotoofmyfamily,amapofChina/theworld特殊:用“to”表示所有格:thekeytothedoor,theanswertothequestion,theentrancetothepark三、双重所有格1.Imeet(遇到)______everymorning.A.afriendofmine.B.afriendofmy.C.afriendofme.注意:双重所有格:…of+n’s例如:afriendofmyfather’s/Mary’smother’s…of+名词性物主代词例如:afriendofmine(his、hers、theirs)第二章一般现在时一、定义:表示目前的状态或经常性的动作。Jerryisabigguy.Heeatsthreebowlsofmeateveryday.二、结构1.“主系表”结构:eg:YouareastudentYouarenotastudent.Areyouastudent?Yes,youare.No,youaren’t.肯:主+be(am,is,are)+表。否:主+be(am,is,are)+not+表。疑:Be+主+表?肯定回答:Yes,主+be.否定回答:No,主+benot.(可缩写)amnotisnot=isn’tarenot=aren’t--- -2.“主+谓+宾”结构肯:主(三单)+谓+s+宾否:主(三单)+don’t/doesn’t+v.原+宾。疑:Do/Does+主+v.原形+宾?肯定回答:Yes,主+do/does.否定回答:No,主+don’t/doesn’t.例如:HelikesEnglish.(变否)Hedoesn’tlikeEnglish.(变疑)DoeshelikeEnglish?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn’t.3.特殊疑问句⑴结构:特词+助v.+主+谓v原+其它?Hedoeshishomeworkeveryday.(变否、变疑、并对划线部分提问)特疑:Whatdoeshedoeveryday?解析:否定句中的doesn’t为助动词,第二个do为实义动词。Hebrusheshisteeththreetimesaday.对threetimes提问:(即对次数提问)Howmanytimesdoeshebrushhisteethaday?对threetimesaday提问:(对频率提问)Howoftendoeshebrushhisteeth?三、动词变化1.三单概念(1)当主语为第三人称单数,he/she/it(2)一个物acat等(3)一个人Tom,myfriend等2.动词的单三形式变化变化口诀:s,es,y变i,have变has。⑵一般情况词尾+s:works,looks,wants⑶以-ch,-sh,-s,-x,-o结尾词尾+es:teaches,washes,dresses,fixes,goes⑷以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i,再加es:flies,cries,tries四、标志性时间状语判断一个句子是什么时态的依据就是要学会“依照时间,来定时态”。即“依时定态”。例如:Heruns(run)everyday.“一般现在时”的时间状语:1.every系列:everyday/everyweek/everymonth/everyyearIgotoschoolonfooteveryday.2.“频率副词”系列:always,usually,often,sometimes等(渐弱)频率副词在句子中的“位置口诀”:“be”之后,“行”之前,“情”、“助”与“行”之间。但:sometimes常用于句首或句尾。(1)Tomisoftenlateforschool.Maryisalwaysbeautiful.(be之后)(2)Ioftengotoschoolat6:00.Girlsusuallylikesweets.(“行”之前)(3)Hecanalwaysanswerthesequestions.(情与行之间)(4)Idon’toftengotoschoolat3:00.(助与行之间)(5)Sometimeshegoestoschoolbybus.3.onSundays(每逢星期几)系列:OnSaturdays/OnFriday/OnMondayIgotoseemygrandmotheronSundays.4.onceaweek(系列):twiceamonth,threetimesaday.等Iwritetomymothertwiceamonth.五、用法1.经常性、习惯性动作或状态。--- -2.习语、谚语。Afriendinneedisfriendindeed.3.“客观真理不动摇”:始终要用一般现在时。Theteachertoldusthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.解析:当主句的谓语动词是过去时态,则所有的从句都要带上过去的帽子,但“客观真理不动摇。”不管你的老师说不说,地球都绕着太阳转,这是一个客观真理。例如:Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.4.if条件句、时间状语从句中一般现在时表将来。(主将从现)Ifhecomesback,Iwilltellyou.Whenhecomesback,Iwilltellyou.Assoonashecomesback,Iwilltellyou.第三章冠词一.定义:冠词是用在名词前面,说明名词所表示的人或事物的词。名词是秃子,需要戴帽子,帽子就是冠词。二.分类:不定冠词a/an,定冠词the,零冠词第一节a(n)的用法用法口诀:一个,一类,某一,另一,不见原因(元音)不施恩(n)。解析:(1)表示数量,有“一个”的意思,eg:Thereare7daysinaweek.(2)表示一类人或者是物,eg:Abirdcanfly.(3)泛指一类名词中的某一个,eg:Tomisanactor.(4)用于“序数词”前表“另一”例如:HehavebeentoBeijingtwice.IwanttogotoBeijingathirdtime.提示:athirdtime:又一次,再一次thethirdtime:第三次(5)元音因素前要用不定冠词an:anappleaninterestingbook(6)用于某些固定搭配中:alotof,afew,alittle,anumberof,afterawhile(稍后),givesbahand(帮助某人),inahurry,halfanhour,wantago=haveatry,catch(have)acold(感冒),haveabath/shower,haveadrink,haveafever(发烧),havearest,ina/oneword(总之),haveawordwithsb(和某人谈话),givealesson(教课)三.特殊用法1.在26个字母中,当以下12个字母单独出现时,其前要用an.它们是:/e/:f,l,m,n,s,x(共6个)/ei/:a,h(共2个)/i:/:e/a:/:r/əu/:o/ai/:ia,e,i,o,f,h,l,m,n,r,s,x/共12个。为了记忆,把它们编成一个口诀:Mr.Lihasonefox.例如:Thereisan“s”intheword“six”.2.特殊单词首字母的发音:“h”:注意以下以h开头的单词用an,因为h在此处不发音。eg:anhouranhonor(荣誉)anhonestboy(一位诚实的男孩)“u”:分两种情况:(单词以u开头)当字母u发/ju:/时,前面用a.例如:auniversity;ausefulbook;auniform(制服),aunit(单元)当字母u发/ʌ/时,前面用an.例如:anuncle;anumbrella;anuglyduckling(丑小鸭)解析:虽是元音字母开头,但要考虑的是元音音素。应根据情况而定。one前应用a.Thereis__a__one-legtable.解析:因为发/w/音。用a.第二节“定冠词”the--- -一、发音:1.在辅音音素前读:/ðə/:eg:thebook.2.在元音音素前发生音变,读:/ði:/(重读)或/ði/(弱读)例如:intheafternoon/evening,theoldman,theotherone二、八大用法:口决:“特指双方熟悉,上文已经提及;世上独一无二,序数词最高级;某些专有名词,习语以及乐器;形容词前表一类,姓氏复数表一家。”解析:1.特指双方熟悉:(说话双方均知道的那个人或物)例如:Whereisthemathteacher?Heisoverthere.2.上文已经提及:Ihaveapen.Thepenisred.也符合:第一次提到泛指用a/an,再次提到特指用the3.表“世上独一无二”:Thesunisrising.theworld,themoon,theearth;4.在序数词,形容词最高级前:Iamthefirsttogettoschool.Heisthetallestboyinourschool.5.某些专有名词:由普通名词构成的专有名词:词组:theYellowRiver(黄河),theSummerPalace(颐和园),theUnitedStates(美国),thePeople’sRepublicofChina(中华人民共和国),theChildren’sPalace(少年宫)6.习语以及乐器:部分习惯用语中n.前常加the:allthetime(一直),attheageof(在…岁时),allthesame(仍然),atthemoment(此刻),dotheshopping/washing/买衣服/洗衣服,bytheway(顺便说),inthemorning,intheopenair(在户外),intheeast/west/south/north乐器前必加the:口决:“打球下棋者衣冠不整,演奏乐器者衣冠整齐”例如:playfootball,playchess但:playthepianoplaytheviolin补充:西洋乐器前加the,但是中国本地的不用。例如:play___ErhuKey:/7.the+(部分)adj.表:“一类人”:例如:thepoor/rich/old/young/sick/blind/new/dead8.the+姓s表:“夫妇俩,一家人”例如:TheSmiths(=TheSmithfamily)arehavinglunch.(Smith一家)第三节零冠词用法口决:下列情况应免冠,代词限定名词前;专有名词不可数,学科球类三餐前;复数名词表泛指,两节星期月份前;(节日、季节)颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。解析:(1)“代词”限定“名词”前:当名词前面有“代词”修饰时,不用冠词。例如:HeisourMathteacher。(our把a顶掉)(2)“专有名词”“不可数”:专有名词:单个国名,人名,地名。例如:China,India,England等前不加任何冠词。但theUnitedStates,theGreatWall是“由普通名词构成的专有名词”前必加the。不可数名词前一般不加冠词,但表特指时加定冠词the。--- -(3)“学科”“球类”“三餐”前;学科前不用the:例如:Doyoulike_______Maths?Key:/球类前不加the:play+球不用the;(而:playthe+乐器)三餐前不用the:havelunch但当三餐前有修饰语时,常用a/an:例如:haveabiggood(nice,light)lunch(4)“复数名词”表泛指:(必定是可数名词)例如:Horsesareusefulanimals.=A(The)horseisausefulanimal.注意:当泛指“人类”时,常用Man来表示。例如:Mancan’tlivewithout(没有)waterorair.没有水和空气人类就不能生存。(而不用theman或aman.)(5)“两节(节日、季节)”“星期”“月份”前;以day组成的节日前不用the:例如:Children’sDay;Mother’sDay;Mid—AutumnDay不以Day结尾的节日前加the:例如:theSpringFestival,theMid-AutumnFestival;theNewYear等季节前一般不加the:例如:inspring/summer/autumn(fall)/winter但是inthespringof1992(当有修饰语或特指时可以加the)OnSunday.InMay.(6)“颜色”“语种”和“国名”:例如:Thebookisred.Englishisausefullanguage.Chinaisabigcountry.(7)“称呼”“习语”及“头衔”.称呼:Mr.Wangiswaitingforyou.Hereitis,Mom!习惯用语:by+工具:bybike/bus/air/plane/train/ship等。词组:beatschool,beatwork,beinhospital(住院),bymistake(错误地),atnight,hereandthere(到处),dayandnight,ontime,athome,onduty,gohome,gotobed,beintrouble头衔前不加冠词:例如:Doctor(头衔),Ihaveaheadache.第四章动词一、什么是动词?表示动作或状态的词叫做动词。二、动词的种类按照动词的词义和动词在句子中所起的作用来划分,动词可分为五大类:1.Be动词be动词很特殊,既可以作系动词又可以作助动词,而且用途广泛。用法口诀:我用am,你用are,is跟着他她它,复数形式都用are。2.实义动词实义动词也叫行为动词,能独立作谓语。如:Thelionopeneditshugemouthandroared(咆哮).实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。1)及物动词,后面可以直接接宾语。如:JudyfoundaChristmasgiftinthestocking.2)不及物动词,不需要宾语。如:Thecarstopped.不及物动词后如跟宾语,须加上介词。如:listentome3)有些动词既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词。如:play:playagame;playwithyoyo.4)有些动词既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词,但意义不一样。如:ask:askforhelp;askhimtogoout3.系动词--- -系动词也叫连系动词,不能单独作谓语,必须和名词,形容词等一起使用,作句子的谓语。常用的系动词有:1)be动词(是最基本的系动词)如:IamfromHollywood.2)五官动词:look,sound,smell,taste,feel如:Theboylooksveryhappy.3)变化动词:get,become,turn等。如:Theleavesturngreeninfall.4)状态动词:keep,stay等。如:Pleasekeepquietinthelibrary.1.助动词助动词有be;do,does,did;will(would),shall(should);have,has,had等。它们和实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态,以及构成否定和疑问结构等。如:Thechildiscrying.2.情态动词表示说话人的语气或情态。情态动词词义不完全,不能单独作谓语,只能与动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词有shall,should,will,would,can,could,may,might,must,dare,need,oughtto等。三、动词的基本形式动词的五种基本形式这五种形式的动词和助动词一起构成了动词的各种时态和语态。1.动词原形2.第三人称单数现在式3.过去式4.现在分词5.过去分词1.动词原形动词原形就是在词典词目中所使用的动词形式。如:bedoworklivecomelike2.第三人称单数现在式的构成1)变化口诀:s,es,y变i,have变has。变化规则动词原形第三人称单数现在式⑴一般情况词尾+swork,look,wantworks,looks,wants⑵以-ch,-sh,-s,-x,-o结尾词尾+esteach,wash,dress,fix,goteaches,washes,dresses,fixes,goes⑶以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i,再加esfly,cry,tryflies,cries,tries2)动词单三形式的发音规则发音口诀:清清,浊浊,元浊,/t,d/后发/ts/和/dz/,遇到/s,z;tʃ,dʒ;ʃ,ʒ;/发/iz/。①当动词尾音为清辅音时,加s或es后发/s/:looks,helps,jumps②当动词尾音为浊辅音或元音时,加s或es后发/z/:opens,airs③当动词尾音为/t,d/时,加s后发/ts/和/dz/:cuts,needs④当动词尾音为/s,z;tʃ,dʒ;ʃ,ʒ/时,发/iz/:teaches,washes3.过去式和过去分词的构成1)变化口诀:直,去,双,变。变化规则动词原形过去式和过去分词⑴一般情况,词尾+edwalk,work,helpwalked,worked,helped⑵以不发音字母e结尾,去e加eddecide,hope,likedecided,hoped,liked⑶辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i,再加-edcarry,hurry,flycarried,hurried,flied⑷以“辅+元+辅”结尾,且重读时,双写末辅+edstop,nod,planstopped,nodded,planned【注】上面介绍的都是过去式和过去分词的规则变化,也就是“动词原形+ed”。实际上,还有许多动词的过去式和过去分词的变化是不规则的。如:1.A-A-A型:动词原形、过去式、过去分词形式都相同:cut---cut,cut(切割)2.A-B-B型:过去式与过去分词形式相同:bring---brought,brought(带来)3.A-B-C型:动词原形、过去式、过去分词都不相同:go---went,gone(去)4.A-B型:情态动词没有过去分词:may—might(可能)--- -这些不规则变化需要逐个记忆。更多的变化可以参考不规则动词表。2)规则动词过去式,过去分词的发音发音口诀:清清,浊浊,元浊,/t,d/后发/id/。①当尾音为清辅音时,加ed后发/t/looked,jumped,walked,washed,worked,asked,typed,watched,talked,thanked;helped;②当尾音为浊辅音或元音时,加ed后发/d/cleaned,opened,sharpened,turnedon,listened,aired;③与单词尾音/t/一起构成/tid/:dusted,painted,waited,wanted,greeted;与单词尾音/d/一起构成/did/:decided,needed4.现在分词的构成变化口诀:直,去,双,变。变化规则动词原形现在分词⑴一般情况,词尾+inggo,ask,playgoing,asking,playing⑵以不发音字母e结尾,去e,再加-ingwrite,come,takewriting,coming,taking⑶以“辅+元+辅”结尾,且重读时,双写末辅+ingcut,run,nodcutting,running,nodding(4)以ie结尾时,变ie为y,加inglie,die,tielying,dying,tying四.有关“have”的必背词组:havebreakfast/lunch/dinner/supper/ameal吃早餐/午饭/晚餐/一顿饭havetea/aglassofwater:喝茶/一杯水haveaswim游泳haveabath洗澡haveahaircut理发havealesson上课haveaparty开晚会haveaholiday度假haveasmoke/cigarette吸烟haveameeting开会haveacarcrash出车祸havearest/break休息一下havealook看一看haveaseat坐下haveawalk散步haveapicnic野餐haveatry试一试haveadrink喝一杯haveapicnic野餐haveaheadache/toothache/cold/cough/afever头痛(牙痛/感冒/咳嗽/发烧)(系列)haveagoodtime=havefun过得愉快=enjoyoneself第五章现在进行时一、定义1.表示“此刻”正在进行的动作。Hismotheriskickinghisass.Look!Aflyisflyingintheclassroom.2.表示“现阶段”正在进行的动作。Thewriteriswritinganewbookthesedays.这些天作家正在写一本新书。译文:表示“某人(现在、现阶段)正在做……事”二、句式构成肯:主+be(am、is、are)+V-ing.(现在分词)。e.g.WearelearningEnglish.我们正在学英语。否:主+be+not+V-ing。eg:WearenotlearningEnglish疑:Be+主+V-ing+?AreyoulearningEnglish?--- -答:肯:Yes,主+be.否:No,主+be+not.(缩略式)特:特殊疑问句常考题型为对划线部分提问--对不同句子成分的提问Theboysareplayinggamesontheplaygroundnow.(可对四部分提问但不对时间状语now提问)1.对“主语”(Theboys)提问:Whoisplayinggamesontheplayground?2.对“谓语+宾语”(playinggames)提问:Whataretheboysdoingontheplayground?3.对“宾语”(games)提问:Whatareboysplayingontheplayground?4.对“地点状语”(ontheplayground)提问:Wherearetheboysplayinggames?三、动词变化(一)现在分词V-ing变化规则口诀:直、去、双、变“直”:直接+-ing:doing,going,standing,walking,playing,emptying;“去”:去词尾不发音的e+-ing:coming,riding,writing,dancing,making,changing,driving,becoming,inviting,typing,shaving,arriving,phoning,但:seeing,being不用。“双”:双写尾字母+-ing:putting,sitting,running,beginning,swimming,shopping,shutting,getting,letting,digging,preferring,babysitting(traveling或traveling)“变”:以ie结尾,变ie为y+-ing:die→dyinglie→lyingtie→tying(bedying=奄奄一息)(二)发音规则:-ing发“英”的音。其应与前面v.的尾音像拼音一样“连读”即可.四、标志性“时间状语”1.now,atthemoment,atthismoment,atthistime.“现在,此刻”thosedays这阶段e.g.Theyareplayingbasketballnow.Whichcompanyareyouworkingforatpresent?解析:这组词意为“现在、此刻”,表明动作正在发生,故用现在进行时2.Look!Listen!口诀:Look!Listen!来提醒,动作正在进行中。e.g.Listen!Maryissinging.听!Mary正在唱歌。Look!Heisplayingfootball.瞧!他在踢足球。3.Bequiet,Bequick;Hurryup.快点e.g.Bequiet!Thebabyissleeping.e.g.Bequick/Hurryup,oryouwillbelate.Bequick.Theyarewaitingforusoutside.总结:以上小的祈使句出现,后面可用“现进”或“将来”时态,应依据题意来判断。五、特殊用法1.一些介词短语用于“主+系+表”结构中表进行时e.g.beatwork.在工作beattable在吃饭beatchurch在做礼拜beatschool在上学2.表示思想,感情,状态等的动词一般不用于进行时,e.g.like,love,hope(希望),wish(但愿),want,know,understand,belongto(属于),think(认为),live,have(有).e.g.IliveinBeijing.Hewantstogoshoppingwithhismother.3.以下动词如:go,come,leave,start,move,arrive,fly等,表“来来去去”的“趋向性”动词常用“现进”表“将来”。e.g.Iamcoming.We’releavingtomorrow.--- -第六章数词数词分为基数词和序数词,常用来修饰名词第一节基数词一、定义:表示“数量”的词叫做基数词。我们常说的one,two,three….二、基数词的“读法”及“写法”口诀:基数词很容易,一到十二单独记十几拼写有特点,teen加在几后面;说到整十也简单,几字后面ty安;若要表示几十几,几十加横再加几,要问几百几十几,几百and几十几;特殊情况有八个,五个几十,仨十几。(thirteen,fifteen,eighteen,twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,eighty)见下表:(必背会)1one11eleven20twenty100a/onehundred2two12twelve30thirty1,000athousand3three13thirteen40forty1,000,000amillion4four14fourteen50fifty1,000,000,000abillion5five15fifteen60sixty6six16sixteen70seventy7seven17seventeen80eighty8eight18eighteen90ninety9nine19nineteen10ten分数:3/4---three–fourthshundredsofstudents,2hundredstudentsdozen一打:2dozeneggs(24个鸡蛋),dozensofeggs(成打儿的鸡蛋)解析:1.数字“1—12”:个别记忆。2.数字“13—19”:是在个位后面+teen。fourteen,sixteen,seventeen,nineteen.但有特殊性:three—thirteenfive—fifteeneight—eighteen3.数字“几十”:是在个位后面+ty。sixty,seventy,ninety但有特殊性:two—twenty,three—thirty,four—forty(去u),five—fifty,eight—eighty,4.数字“几十几”(21-99):在“十位数”和“个位数”之间+连字符“-”构成。e.g.24=twenty-four73=seventy-three口诀:几十加横再加几5.数字“几百几”(101-999):百位hundred之后+and。e.g.123onehundredandtwenty-three解析:口诀:几百and几十几6.数字“1,000”以上:eg:50,000=fiftythousand(注意:thousand后不用加S)7.“逢十进一”与“逢千进一”:汉个十百千万十万百万千万万万(亿)十亿英one,two…tenhundredthousand//million//billion(1)英语中“个位数”以下是“十进制”,“千以上”却是“逢千进一”,故英语中没有“万、十万、千万、万万”等词。(2)凡遇较大数目,每三位加一个分节号。--- -(3)口诀:从右向左三逗开,一逗千(thousand),二逗百万(million),三逗就是十万万(billion),左右三位分开读,保你又快又喜欢。e.g.1,532==onethousandfivehundredandthirty-twoe.g.1214000000划分节号1,214,000,000第二节基数词用法1.口诀:具体数字两无(-s,of);泛指数字两有(+s,of)例如:300名学生threehundredstudents成百上千的学生hundredsofstudents几百个学生severalhundredstudents(1)Therearetwo______studentsinourschool.A.hundredB.hundredsC.hundredofD.hundredsof(2)Afterthewar,thousandsof(成千上万)peoplebecamehomeless.2.inone’s+“几十的复数”:表示“在某人…岁时”e.g.在我二十几岁时inmytwentiese.g.HebegantostudyFrenchinhisforties.3.1)inthe1990s(’s):在20(=19+1)世纪90年代(可读作:intheninetiesofthetwentiethcentury)2)公元前,公元后:公元前25年,25B.C:twenty—fiveB.C公元后238年,238A.D:twothirty—eightA.D.3)年代初期(后期):在九十年代初期:(in)theearlynineties.在五十年代末期:(in)thelatefifties.4.口诀:“数—单名”做“定”语她是一个4岁的小女孩。Sheisan8-year-oldgirl.=Sheis4yearsold.e.g.两个月的假atwo-monthholiday==atwomonths’holiday5.“房间号码”和“电话号码”要一个一个分别读.eg:Room2026.常用于时刻中分两种:(1)(顺读法):先“时”后“分”1:10oneten7:20seventwenty整点:1:00It’soneo’clock.(2)倒读法:先“分”后“时”①等于或小于半点表示法:用…past…6:30=halfpastsix如:1:10写作:tenpastone7:10写作:tenpastseven1:20写作:twentypastone③大于半点时用to如:1:50写作:tentotwo1:40写作:twentytotwo④15分钟:aquarterpast45分钟:aquarterto如:3:45写作:aquartertofour2:15写作:aquarterpasttwo⑤分钟不能被5整除的必加minutes.)如:7:12写作:twelveminutespastseven特殊:半个小时haveanhour一个半个小时:oneandahalfhours/onehourandahalf两个半小时:twoandahalfhours/twohoursandahalf--- -一两天:adayortwooneortwodays7.其它用法:(1)温度:37℃37degrees(2)百分数:25%twenty–fivepercent(3)小数:0.5zeropointfive(4)倍数:once一倍twice2倍threetimes三倍fourtimes四倍(5)四则运算中:“十”读作:plus“—”读作:minus/from/takeaway“×”读作:times.“÷”读作:dividedby“=”读作:equal/is5+4=95and4is9.10–4=610minus4is6.6×9=546times9is54.第三节序数词一、定义:表示顺序的词,意为“第……”。二、“基数词”变为“序数词”口诀:基变序,有规律,词尾要加th,一二三,特殊记,词尾分别t,d,d,八减t,九去e,f要把ve替,ty变成tie,遇到几十、几百几,只变个位记心里。解析:①1st=first,2nd=second,3rd=third.②eighth,ninth③fifthtwelfth④thirtieth(5)twenty—first见下表:(必背会)1stfirst11theleventh20thtwentieth2ndsecond12thtwelfth30ththirtieth3rdthird13ththirteenth(同上)4thfourth14thfourteenth21sttwenty-first5thfifth15thfifteenth6thsixth16thsixteenth7thseventh17thseventeenth8theighth18theighteenth9thninth19thnineteenth10thtenth三、“序数词”的缩略式:阿拉伯数字+序数词最后两个字母e.g.first—1stsecond—2ndthird—3rdfourth—4thtwelfth—12thtwenty-first—21st第四节序数词用法一、1.序数词前一般情况下要加the。e.g.Johnliveson____floor.A.fifteenthB.thefifteenthC.fifteen解析:“序数词”主要用作“定语”,前面要加“定冠词”。冠词口诀:“序数词最高级”前加the2.序数词前可加不定冠词来表示“又一”“再一”的意思。We’llhavetodoitasecondtime.二、强调“编号”,用“名词+基数词”;强调“顺序”,用“序数词+名词”。即:如果序号在名词前面则用序数词(thefirstlesson),如果序号在名词后面则改用基数词(LessonOne)LessonOne=theFirstLesson口诀:“名”前序,名后“基”--- -e.g.Thereare____unitsinthistextbook(教科书).____(one)isthemostdifficult.A.ninety,TheninthB.ninety,TheninethC.ninty,NintyD.ninety,Ninth解析:第一个空表数用基数词,第二个空表顺序用序数词。三、其它用法。1.表示年,月,日时,年用基数词表示,日用序数词表示。1949年10月1日读作:October(the)first,nine-teenforty-nine.2.分数表示法:口诀:子基母序,分子大于1,分母加s,1/2表half,1/4表quarter,若是带分数,就用and连。e.g.3/5threefifths3/4threefourths1/2ahalf/onehalf2/5twofifths.—What’s1/9and2/3?—It’s.A.five–ninthsB.five–ninthsC.fifth–nine3....世纪…年代:18世纪the18thcentury.19世纪60年代thesixtiesofthenineteenthcentury.第七章一般过去时一、定义:过去某一时间发生的“动作”或存在的“状态”。1.HewasabsentonMonday…(L.67)主、系、表2.Hetelephonedmefourtimesyesterday.(L.71)主、谓、宾3.Hetookacakeandateitquickly.(L.74)主、谓、宾第二节二、句式构成:1.“主+系+表”的结构肯:主语+be(was,were)+表…。否:主语+be(was,were)+not+表…。疑:Was/Were+主+表…?答:肯:Yes,主+was/were.否:No,主+wasn’t/weren’t.解析:1)be的过去式:am/is—was,are—were.(标出音标)2)wasnot=wasn’twerenot=weren’t(标出音标)e.g.肯:Hewasverybusylastnight.否:Hewasn’tverybusylastnight.疑:Washeverybusylastnight?Yes,hewas.No,heweren’t.补充Therebe的过去时:Therewas/were+…e.g.Therewasacarraceinourtownlastyear.2.“主+谓+宾”结构HestudiedEnglishyesterday.—Hedidn’tstudyEnglishyesterday.—DidhestudyEnglishyesterday?肯:构成:主+动词的过去式+宾+…。否:构成:主+didn’t+V原+宾…。口诀:did是个“照妖镜”,后面动词“现”原形。解析:口诀:助动词do/does/did后的动词要求“恢复原形”。一般过去时的助动词为did.--- -1)无be无情必加“助”。一般过去时的助动词为do的过去式did.后面加+not.2)在didn’t后,原句中动词由过去式应“恢复原形”。(切记)3)didnot=didn’t疑:Did+主+V原+宾…?答:肯:Yes,主+did.否:No,主+didn’t.HestudiedEnglishyesterday.—DidhestudyEnglishyesterday?Yes,hedid.No,hedidn’t.特:特殊疑问句的构成:特词+did+主+v.原+其它+?Theywatchedthefilmatthecinemayesterday.(5部分)1)对“主语”提问:Whowatchedthefilmyesterday?Theydid.注意:在简答中,常用相应的助动词来代替问句中出现过的实义动词。又如:Whocleanstheblackboardformeeveryday?MissGaodoes.2)对“谓宾”提问:Whatdidtheydoatthecinemayesterday?3)对“宾语”提问:Whatdidtheywatchatthecinemayesterday?4)对“时间状语”提问:Whendidtheywatchthefilmatthecinema?5)对“地点状语”提问:Wheredidtheywatchthefilmyesterday?三、动词变化“规则动词”的“过去式”stayed变法:口诀:直、去、双、变。直:直接+ed:looked,played,visited;passed,joined,planted,needed.去:去e+ed:used,changed,typed,prepared,arrived,phoned,shaved,lived,hoped,moved,closed,improved,saved,smiled,danced,decided,baked;agreed.双:双写尾字母+ed:stopped,planned,dropped,skipped,nodded,slipped;preferred,regretted,traveled.变:辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i+ed:studied,emptied,carried,tried,worried,hurried,married.巧记不规则动词的过去式和过去分词(必背)一、过去式和过去分词相同。A-B-B型动词原形过去式过去分词意思1.bring2.build3.burn4.buy5.catch6.dig7.feel8.fight9.find10.get11.hang12.have13.hear14.hold15.keep16.learn17.leave18.lendbroughtbuiltburnt(burned)boughtcaughtdugfeltfoughtfoundgothunghangedhadheardheldkeptlearnt(learned)leftlentbroughtbuiltburnt(burned)boughtcaughtdugfeltfoughtfoundgothunghangedhadheardheldkeptlearnt(learned)leftlent带来建燃烧买抓挖感觉打架发现得到挂(衣)绞死(上吊)有听到握保持学习离开借出--- -19.lose20.make21.mean22.meet23.pay24.say25.sell26.send27.shine28.sit29.sleep30.smell31.spend32.stand33.sweep34.teach35.tell36.think37.understand38.winlostmademeantmetpaidsaidsoldsentshone(shined)satsleptsmelt(smelled)spentstoodswepttaughttoldthoughtunderstoodwonlostmademeantmetpaidsaidsoldsentshone(shined)satsleptsmelt(smelled)spentstoodswepttaughttoldthoughtunderstoodwon丢失制造意思是遇到付款说卖送发光坐睡嗅花费站扫教告诉想理解赢二、动词的过去分词是在动词原形后面加n或en。动词原形过去式过去分词意思39.beat40.blow41.draw42.drive43.eat44.fall45.give46.grow47.know48.mistake49.ride50.rise51.see52.show53.take54.throw55.writebeatblewdrewdroveatefellgavegrewknewmistookroderosesawshowedtookthrewwrotebeatenblowndrawndriveneatenfallengivengrownknownmistakenriddenrisenseenshowntakenthrownwritten打吹画画驾驶吃下落给生长知道弄错乘、骑升看见出示,表现拿走抛、掷写三、原形、过去式和过去分词相同。A-A-A型动词原形过去式过去分词意思--- -56.cost57.cut58.hit59.hurt60.let61.put62.read63.shutcostcuthithurtletputreadshutcostcuthithurtletputreadshut值(多少)钱切、割打伤害、伤痛让放读关四、原形中的i,过去式改为a,过去分词改为u。动词原形过去式过去分词意思64.begin65.drink66.ring67.sing68.swimbegandrankrangsangswambegundrunkrungsungswum开始饮响唱游泳五、动词的过去分词是在过去式后加n或en。动词原形过去式过去分词意思69.break70.choose71.forget72.speak73.wakebrokechoseforgotspokewokebrokenchosenforgottenspokenwoken打碎选择忘记讲醒六、动词原形和过去分词相同。动词原形过去式过去分词意思74.become75.come76.runbecamecameranbecomecomerun成为来跑七、原形、过去式和过去分词都不同。A-B-C型动词原形过去式过去分词意思77.am,is78.are79.do80.fly81.go82.lie83.wearwasweredidflewwentlayworebeenbeendoneflowngonelainworn是是做飞去躺穿八、没有过去分词的。--- -动词原形过去式过去分词意思84.can85.may86.shall87.willcouldmightshouldwould////能可以将要愿、要、将注意:1.bring-brought-brought;buy-bought-bought;fight-fought-fought;think-thought-thought而:catch-caught-caught;teach-taught-taught(如里本身动词中已含有字母a,则变过去式和过去分词时,也就带上a)2.hang的两种变法区别:当“挂衣服”讲时变hung-hung:因g像挂衣服的钩;当“上吊”讲时,需要向上扔一个绳,故hanged-hanged:d像绳一样。3.注意hear与read变过去式(分词)后的发音(标出音标)4.上表应让学生分三次背写完。四、时间状语1.yesterday系列:e.g.thedaybeforeyesterday,yesterdaymorning(afternoon,evening…)2.last系列:e.g.lastweek(month,night…)提示:yesterdayevening与lastnight区别记忆方法:长长—短短。yesterday,evening两个单词均较长,last,night两个单词都较短。3.…ago系列:eg:twoyearsago,threehoursago…4.in+过去时间点系列:e.g.in2002inthepast(在过去)intheolddays(在旧社会)5.justnow(刚才)第八章代词一定义:代替名词以及起名次作用的短语、分句和句子的词。二代词的分类:人称代词,物主代词,和反身代词,疑问代词,指示代词,和不定代词。第一节人称代词(一)人称代词用法:1、Iloveyou.2、Iamateacher.3、Givemethatbook,4、Givethatbooktome.口诀:我一,你二,他第三,“主格”用在“谓语”前,“宾格”跟在动、介后。(二)不同“人称”来排列1.You,heandIhaveagoodtime.(第二人称,第三人称,第一人称)2We,youandtheylikelearningEnglish.(第一人称,第二人称,第三人称)3Apolicemanandapolicewomanareoverthere.4Iandyouarewrong.口诀:单数2,3,1.复数1,2,3,男女出现男优先,承认错误“我”在前。(必会表格)人称格第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数主格Iweyouyouhesheitthey宾格meusyouyouhimheritthem第二节物主代词1.Thisismyshirt.(L11)=Thisismine.--- -Ourroomisonthefirstfloor,andtheirsisonthesecond.Thisismyumbrella.(L3)Isthisyourhandbag?(L1)物主代词分“形容词性”物主代词和“名词性”物主代词。通过以上例子大家会发现,“形容词性物主代词”后面有名词,而“名词性物主代词”后面无名词,即口诀:有“名”用形容,无“名”必用名。(必会表格)人称词性第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单复单数复数形容词性myouryourhisheritstheir名词性mineoursyourshishersitstheirs记忆口诀;形物代变名物代,一mine,二不变,其他S加后面。第三节反身代词oneself1.Ialwaysenjoymyself.Hecuthimselfwhenhewasshavingthismorning.Shewastalkingtoherself.大家会发现,当主语与宾语是同一个人称代词时,则宾语用“反身”。必会表格:人称数第一人称第二人称第三人称单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves反身代词构成口诀:说自己用反身,基本形式oneself,第三人称宾格替,其余开头用形容,复数ves替f。Eg:Ilookatmyselfinthemirror.Theproblemitselfiswrong.常用反身代词的动词短语。(必背)1.helpyourself(单)/yourselves(复)to…请自便 2.enjoyoneself玩得愉快3.teachoneself=learn…byoneself自学4.talktooneself自言自语5.makeyourselfathome.别客气第四节疑问代词疑问代词在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句,主要用于询问“何人”“何物”“什么”。疑问代词代替范围who谁(主格)人whom谁(宾格)whose谁的which哪一个人、事、物what什么事、物例如:IwenttoLily’shousewithmymotheronthefirstSundayinMay.--- -①②③④1.WhowenttoLily’shousewithmymotheronthefirstSundayinMay?2.WhosehousedidyougotowithyourmotheronthefirstSundayinMay?3.WhomdidyougowithtoLily’shouseonthefirstSundayinMay?4.WhatdidyoudowithyourmotheronthefirstSundayinMay?5.WhichSundayofMaydidyougotoLily’shousewithyourmotherinMay?第五节指示代词一、分类:this,that,these,those共4个。近指:this单,these复;远指:that单,those复二、电话用语中,this代表“自己”,that代表“对方”。Hello!ThisisMary.(我是Mary)IsthatJackspeaking?(你是Jack吗?)三、在比较级中,指代“单数名词”/“不可数名词”用that,指代“复数名词”用those。ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatofFrance.ThecarsmadeinChinaarecheaperthanthosemadeinJapan.第六节不定代词1.some,any,no肯否I’mgoingtobuysomeclothes.→I’mnotgoingtobuyanyclothes.There’ssomeiceinthefridge.→Thereisn’tanyorangejuice.Wedidsomeexercises.→Wedidn’tdoanyexercises.Isthereanyiceinthefridge?Ihaven’tgotanymoney=Ihavegotnomoney(no+名词=not+any/a+名词)Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?Canyoulendmesomemoney?★some用于肯定句,否定疑问用any,notany等于no,问句中表建议或想得到对方肯定回答时用some2复合不定代词Everyanynosomeeveryoneanyonenonesomeoneeverybodyanybodynobodysomebodyeverythinganythingnothingsomethingeverywhereanywherenowheresomewhere总结:不定代词中必会的口诀:1.不定代词做“主语”,谓语要用“单三”形式。Everythingispossible.2.形容词、动词不定式修饰不定代词要后置。Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.Wouldyoulikesomethingtoeat?3.由some/any构成的复合不定代词something/somebody,anything/anybody等用法和some/any一致。3many,much用法口诀:可数名词复数用many,不可数名词用muchTherearemanyappleonthedesk.Thereismuchwaterinthebottle.4alittle,little,afew,few可数名词不可数名词表肯定afew(一些)alittle(一点)表否定few(几乎不/没有)little(几乎不/没有)eg:Thereisalittlemilkinthebottle.Thereislittlemilkinthebottle.Thereareafewmistakes.Therearefewmistakes.--- -5.both,allAllofthemgotothecinema.Bothofmyparentsarehealthy.=Bothmyfatherandmymotherareheathy.共性:谓语v.都用复数。区别:all指三者/三者以上人或物,both指“两者都…”。6.either,neither,noneEitheryouorIamright.或者你或者我是对的NeitheryounorIamright.你和我都不对Noneofusare/isright.我们都不对共性:either和neither都遵循就近原则,区别:neither(指两者中没有一个,全否定)either(两者中的任意一个,半否)none做主语时谓语动词用单复数均可neither的反义词是both;none的反义词是all7.each,everyEachofusishere.Everyoneishere.共性:谓语v.都用单数。区别:each指两者/两者以上,可与of连用;Every指三者/三者以上,不可与of连用。8.one与it区别Yourdressisbeautiful.Wheredidyoubuyit?(同名同物)Iwanttobuyanewone.(同名异物)9.it的用法(1)Whattimeisit?时间It’stimetogohome.(2)Whatdayisit?日期It’sThursday.(3)HowfarisitfromLondontoChina?距离Wecanwalkhome.Itisn’tfar.(4)It’sraining.天气It’sanicedaytoday.(5)指代不明人或物(敲门,图片,照片中)—Whoisknockingatthedoor?—It’sme.(6)It的2个句型It’snicetoseeyouagain.It’simpossibletounderstandher.Ifinditdangeroustoswiminthisriver.★It’seasy/difficult/impossible/dangerous/safe/expensive/interesting/nice/wonderful/terribleto……It’s+adjtodosth形式主语真主--- -主+v.+it+adj+todosth.形宾真宾第九章一般将来时一、定义1.表示“将来某个时间”将要发生的“动作或状态”。2.译文:“将要、打算做事”。e.g.(1)I(We)shallcomebacktomorrow.我(我们)明天将回来。(2)You’llbefinesoon.你不久将会好。(3)Heisgoingtoseehisgrandma.他打算去看望姥姥。二、结构1.will/shall+v.原形表将来肯:主语+will/shall+v.原+其它否:Ishallnot=(shan’t)gotomyhometownnextweek.疑:Willyougotoyourhometownnextweek?答:肯:Yes,Ishall.否:No,Ishan’t.练习:Hewillbefreetomorrow.变否:Hewillnot=(won’t)befreetomorrow.变疑:Willhebefreetomorrow?肯回:Yes,hewill.否回:No,hewon’t.★注意:(1)will/shall是“助动词”,后面跟“动词原形”。没有人称和数的变化。(2)will可用于各种人称;而shall一般仅用于第一人称之后。(3)will和shall的简写形式为’ll。(4)注意:willnot常可缩略为’llnot或won’t(板书音标);shallnot缩略为shan’t(板书音标)。特:一般将来时的结构:特殊疑问词+will/shall+主语+动原+……?Iwillcleanthefloorintheclassroomtomorrow.对主语提问(I):Whowillcleanthefloorintheclassroomtomorrow?对谓宾提问(cleanthefloor):Whatwillyoudointheclassroomtomorrow?对宾语提问(thefloor):Whatwillyoucleanintheclassroomtomorrow?对地点提问(intheclassroom):Wherewillyoucleanthefloortomorrow?对时间提问(tomorrow):Whenwillyoucleanthefloorintheclassroom?2.“begoingto+动词原形”表将来肯:主语+be(am,is,are)+goingto+v.原+其它否:主语+be(am,is,are)+not+goingto+v.原+其它(口诀:找到be,助,情,直接加not)疑:Be(Am,Is,Are)+主语+goingto+v.原+其它?答:肯:Yes,主+be.否:No,主+be+not.练习:I’mgoingtodomyhomeworkthisevening.变否:I’mnotgoingtodomyhomeworkthisevening.变疑:Areyougoingtodoyourhomeworkthisevening?否回:No,I’mnot.肯回:Yes,Iam.Heisgoingtogoswimmingthisafternoon.变否:Heisnotgoingtogoswimmingthisafternoon.变疑:Ishegoingtogoswimmingthisafternoon?特:特殊疑问词+be(am,is,are)+主语+goingto+v.原+其它?(除对主语提问)Iamgoingtocleantheclassroomsintheschooltomorrowmorning.--- -(1)对主语提问:Whoisgoingtocleantheclassroomsintheschooltomorrowmorning?(2)对谓宾提问:Whatareyougoingtodointheschooltomorrowmorning?(3)对宾语提问:Whatareyougoingtocleanintheschooltomorrowmorning?(4)对地点提问:Whereareyougoingtocleantheclassroomstomorrowmorning?(5)对时间提问:Whenareyougoingtocleantheclassroomsintheschool?补充:Therebe句型将来结构:1.Thereisgoingtobe…Therearegoingtobe…(be动词根据就近原则)如:Thereisgoingtobeameetingthisevening.Therearegoingtobetwomeetingsthisevening.2.Therewillbe…Therewillbeameetingthisevening.三、标志性时间状语1.today系列:today,thisafternoon/evening今天下午/晚上;tonight今天夜里(除了thismorning,一般用于过去时)2.tomorrow系列:tomorrow;tomorrowmorning/afternoon/evening明天早/下/晚;thedayaftertomorrow后天3.next系列:nextweek下周;nextMonday/month/year下周一/下个月/明年4.in+一段时间系列“in+一段时间”用于将来时,要翻译成“……时间之后”,而不能翻译为“……时间之内”inthreedays’time=inthreedays三天后;注意:Lilywillcomebackintwohours.Lilywillcomebackintwohours.(对划线提问)HowsoonwillLilycomeback?Lilywillcomebackafter10:00o’clock.区别:in+一段时间;after+时间点5.soon不久;infuture今后;inthefuture在将来;四、特殊用法1.will与begoingto的用法区别will和begoingto经常可以互换。e.g.(1)Therewillbeafootballmatchthisevening.(2)Thereisgoingtobeafilmtomorrownight.(3)Iwill/amgoingtodomyhomeworkthisevening.只能用begoingto的情况。A.常译为“准备……”,“打算……”。表示(事先)已经决定或安排要做的事,用begoingto,e.g.(1)Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?(2)Iamgoingtomakeaskirtformydaughter.(3)Areyougoingtodoitallbyyourself?B.有“明显迹象”预示某事即将(将要)肯定或很可能发生时,一般都用begoingto。e.g.(1)Lookattheblackclouds,it’sgoingtorain.(2)Becareful!Theboxesaregoingtofall.只能用“will”的情况。A.表示“强烈意图、自愿做某事”或坚持要做某事时,用will。e.g.(1)—Cansomebodyhelpme?—Iwill.--- -(2)Iwillgiveupsmoking.Ireallywill.(3)Pleaseremembermetoyourparents.Ok,Iwill.B.表示“客观上的必然性,与主观的愿望或判断等无关”时用will。(因为有些事情的发生是不以人们的意志为转移的,不是因为某人“准备”、“打算”怎么样就能怎么样,所以不能用begoingto。)e.g.(1)Janewillbetwentynextyear.(2)TodayisThursdayandtomorrowwillbeFriday.2.“一般现在时”表将来Iwillgohikingifitdoesn’traintomorrow.(主将从现)IcanhelpyouwhenIhavetime.(主情从现)Assoonasyouarrivepleasetellme.(主祈从现)if,when,assoonas,after,not…until,unless等适用以上用法。3.“现在进行时”表将来go,come,leave,arrive,start,begin,move,fly,takeoff,return等,表“来来去去”的“趋向性”动词常用“现进”表“将来”。e.g.Iamcoming.We’releavingtomorrow.4.“be+不定式”表将来5.“beabout+不定式”表将来(离现在时刻最近)第十章介词第一节一、定义:介词不能单独充当句子成分,它必须用在名词或代词之前组成介词短语才能做句子成分,修饰动词名词或代词,表示时间、地点、空间等关系。二、分类1.表时间2.表地点3.某些介词其他用法4.介词短语第二节表示时间的介词1.★口诀:at用在时刻前,也与正午,午夜连at6o’clock,atnoon,atnight.周月季年长时间,in须放在其前面,inaweek,inMay,inspring,in1990.inadaytime泛指一晌和傍晚,也要放在in后边;inthemorning/afternoon/eveningon指特定某一天,日期星期节日前onMay1st,onSunday,onChristmasDay.某天上下午夜晚,依然要在on后站onSundaymorning,ontheafternoonofMay1st.今明昨天前后天,上下这那每之前,at,in,on都不填,此乃习惯记心间。today,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,thedayaftertomorrow,lastweek,nextweek,thisyear,thatmorning,everymorning★特别:morning,afternoon,evening,night,前后加修饰语,立刻把in(at)→改为on.如:onawintermorning;onthemorningofMay1st.2.until,till直到…为止.until(till)nineo’clock直到九点钟,untillastnight直到昨天夜晚until与notuntil区别:until与延续v.连用,notuntil与瞬间v.连用。Hedidn’tgotobeduntil9:00.Hesleptuntil8:00.3.by.到…之前,截至→by(多用于完成时)bytheendof+过去时间状语→用于过去完成时中。bytheendof+将来时间状语→用于将来时中。byseveno’clock.bynow到现在为止。bytheendoflastyear到去年年末为止。bytheendofthisterm到这学期期末为止。bytheendofnextmonth.到下月底。4.for+一段时间“达…之久”,常用于现在完成时中。for2hours(持续了)两个小时,forthreemonths.(持续了)3个月。IhavelearnedEnglishfor3years.用Howlong提问--- -in+一段时间(常表将来时)intenyears,inherearlythirties,inthelastfewweeks.Iwillcomebackintwodays.(两天后)用Howsoon提问5.from…to…,between…and…from…to…从…到…fromMondaytoTuesday.between…and…在两者之间betweeneightandnineo’clock.6.during在…期间。duringthewinterholiday在寒假期间。duringthenight在夜间。但during后不可加表示数的词。7.before表时间(和after相反)thedaybeforeyesterday前天,before10o’clock10点以前thedayaftertomorrow后天,afterclass/school课后ago.(常和一般过去时连用).tenyearsago.later.一段时间+later(用于过去时)8.since.自从…常用于以下句型。①过去的时间点主语+现在完成时(havedone)+since②一般过去时Ihavelivedheresince1990.Ithasbeen10yearssinceIcamehere.第三节表方位的介词1.in与at表地点时,at+小地点,in+大地点。如有比较时,则相对大的用in,相对小的用at.eg:Thesoldiersarrivedatasmallvillage.Theforeignerswillarriveinshanghaitomorrow.2.in/on/tointhe…of在某一地域范围内的。onthe…of与某一地方相接壤的。tothe…of在…之外BABABAe.g.BeijingisinthenorthofChina.IndiaisonthesouthofChina.JapanistotheeastofChina.3.infrontof与inthefrontof在…前面infrontof在…(整体的外部)前面;inthefrontof在…(整体内部)前面e.g.LileiisinfrontofWangling.Theblackboardisinthefrontoftheclassroom.4.across与through.across横面,表面通过through内部通过runacrossthegrassgothroughtheforest.5.in,into表示“进入…内”on,onto表示“在…上”in,on侧重状态into,onto与动感动词连用,侧重于动作e.g.Theyareintheclassroom.Theyaregoingintotheclassroom.Hejumpedontothehorse.他跳上马.6.between,among在…之间区别:between在两者之间among在三者/三者以上e.g.Thereisamountainbetweenthetwocities./Hishandwritingisthebestamongusthree.--- -7.above,belowover与underabove高于over上方不一定是垂直关系一定指垂直关系below低于under下方Theplanewasflyingabovetheclouds.飞机正在运上飞行。Thereisabridgeovertheriver.河上有一座桥。It’sveryhottoday.Let’ssitunderthetree.ShallIwritethesentencebelowtheline?8.at+门牌+街道.in+街道e.g.at88Chang’anStreet在长安街88号inChang’anStreet在长安街第四节介词的其他用法1.about,on关于…about(简单),on(科技学术)e.g.TheywanttobuyabookonAIDS.2.in①in+语言:用某种语言inEnglish②in+-颜色(衣服)穿着,颜色衣服inred③in+材料,表示用…材料,inpencil意思是用铅(材料)写的字,注意pencil前若有冠词a的话,前应用with。with+工具,表示用…,withapen用钢笔。3.on,through,over通过…方式learnEnglishthroughTV.通过电视学习英语。hearitovertheradio.从收音机里听说这件事的。learnEnglishontheradio.通过收音机里学习英语。Watchthefootballmatchontelevision通过电视看足球赛。4.besides,exceptbesides除了…以外,还有(“+”)except(“-”)除了…WecanspeakChineseexceptTom.BesidesTom,wecanswim,too.5.表乘某种交通工具有两种方法:A.by+交通工具=B.介词+冠词(物主代词)+交通工具bybus=onthe(his)bus.goto…onfoot=walkto+地点goto…byplane=flyto+地点goto…inacar=driveto+地点6.withone’shelp.=withthehelpofsb.WiththehelpofyouIhavefinishedthisworkwell.(在……帮助下)Wewritewithpens.(用工具)Weeatwithourmouth,seewithoureyes.(用)IknowtheboywiththenameTom.(叫……名)Thegirlwithlonghairismyfriend.(长着)Theboyisrunningwithakite.(随着)ThemanwithalittleboyisMrLi.(带着)Pleasegivemeacupofteawithsugar(带有)Don’tplaywiththecat.(玩弄,玩耍)Ilivewithmydaughter.(与……一起)withno=without--- -第五节介词短语1.attheendof+时间在…结束的时候;+地点:在…尽头bytheendof+时间,到…末为止常与完成时态连用intheend:最后,单独使用2.inhospital住院inthehospital在医院工作等第十一章过去进行时1.Whatwereyoudoingatsixyesterday?Iwasdrawing.2.WhenIwasdoingthehousework.,myhusbandphonedmefromtheoffice.3.Hecuthimself,whilehewasshaving.一、定义:表示过去某一时刻/过去的一段时间里正在进行的状态或动作。IwaswatchingTVwhenshecametoseeme.Mumwasdoingsomewashingyesterdayevening.否:Mumwasnot(wasn’t)doingsomewashingyesterdayevening.疑:Wasmumdoingsomewashingyesterdayevening?二、结构肯:主语+was(were)+现在分词…否:主语+wasn’t/weren’t+现在分词…疑:was(were)+主语+现在分词…?答:Yes,主语+was/were.No,主语+wasn’t(weren’t)was,were根据主语决定。三、标志性时间状语:过去某时刻:atthistimeyesterday,atthattime,then,at9lastnight.过去一段时间from…tolastnight,thosedays四、用法:1.过去某时刻Whatwereyoudoingatsixyesterday?Iwasdrawing.(常用于单句中)即at+过去时间点2.表过去某段时间内一直持续的动作,常和thosedays等连用。Hewaswritinganovelthosedays.3.一般过去时和过去进行时常出现在一个句子里。(复合句中)Thestudentsweredoingexerciseswhentheteachercamein.延续时间较短的用一般过去时,延续时间较长的用过去进行时。注意:从句是一般过去时只能用when,不用while.4.表主句和从句同时进行的过去的动作,常用连词while.MygrannywascookingwhileIwaswashingmyfaceyesterday.总结:一般过去时强调过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,过去进行时强调过去某个时间正在进行的动作。第十二章形容词和副词第一节形容词(adj.)一、定义:用来形容人或事物特点的词。二、形容词的作用:1.作定语:e.g.①It’saninterestingbook.②aredapple2.作表语:用在系动词后:be动词,五感动词(smell,taste,sound,look,feel)和get,become,turn后+adj作表语。e.g.①Sheisangry.②Maryistall.Thefoodtastesdelicious.Thesilkfeelssoft.3.作宾语补足语。①Weshouldkeepourclassroomtidyandclean.--- -②Weshouldmakeourcountrybeautifulandstrong.三、貌似adv.的adj。lonely(孤独的),friendly(友好的),lively(生动的),lovely(可爱的),deadly(致命的)等。四、复合形容词。Heisaneleven-year-oldboy.数--单名作定语good-looking好看的,warm-hearted热心的,middle-aged中年的五、多个adj的排序问题。口诀:美、小、圆、旧、黄、法国、木、书房。一张小的圆木桌。asmallroundwoodentable.一件黑色的旧大衣。anoldblackcoat.六、以–ing和–ed结尾的adj用法区别:Janeisboredbecauseherjobisboring.Juliathinksmathsisveryinterestingbecausesheisinterestedinmaths.boringI’mboredwithmyjob.interestingI’mnotinterestedinmyjobanymore.MyjobistiringI’malwaystiredwhenIdomyhomework.satisfyingI’mnotsatisfiedwithmyjob.depressingMyjobmakesmedepressed.通过以上例子发现,当修饰人或人作主语时用–ed,当修饰物或物作主语时用–ing。第二节副词(adv.)一、副词的构成:许多adv来源于adj,在adj词尾后加上–ly而成。这些adj向adv转换遵循两个规则:1.在adj后直接+ly.quick—quicklysudden—suddenlyrapid—rapidlywarm—warmly2.以“辅+y”结尾的adj,把y变i,再加-ly.thirsty—thirstilyhungry—hungrilyangry—angrilyhappy—happilyready—readilyhearty—heartily3.去e加ly:terrible—terribly二、adv的作用。1.修饰v.表示行为或动作的方式。Helistenscarefully.Pleasespeakquietly.Tomlookedatmesadly.ShespeaksEnglishperfectly.2.修饰adj.Itwasterriblydry.I’mterriblysorry.3.修饰其他adv.Hesingsverywell.第三节形容词、副词的特殊用法1.enough.足够地Sheshouldn’tgetmarriedyet.She’snotoldenough.TheEnglishandMathspapersweren’teasyenoughforme.(新一L103)★enough用在adj和adv之后。2.too…to…太……而不能……Sheisnotoldenoughtogetmarried.=Sheistooyoungtogetmarried.★too+adj/adv+to…太…而不能3.so/so...that...如此……以至于……ThebookwassogoodthatIcouldn’tputitdown.IwassotiredthatIfellasleep.Thestorywassostupid.总结:so...that/so后+adj/adv.4.ItisimportantforustolearnEnglish.--- -IfounditdifficultformetosingEnglishsongs.总结:Itis+adj(forsb)todosth主+v.+it+adjtodosth两个句型。即it作形式主语/形式宾语adj的考点。第四节adj与adv的比较级,最高级adj与adv比较级,最高级的构成一样。一、规则变化。口诀:直、去、双、变、加。1.long→longerfew→feweryoung→youngerweak→weakerlow→lowerhard→harder规则变化,直接+er/est。2.nice→nicerlarge→largerwide→widerfine→finestsafe→safer以e结尾,直接+r/st。3.big→biggerhot→hotterthin→thinnerfat→fatterwet→wetterred→redder以一个辅音字母+一个元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾,双写末尾辅音字母+er/est。4.heavy→heavierearly→earlierbusy→busierdirty→dirtiereasy→easierhungry→hungrier以一个辅音字母+y结尾,y变i+er/est。5.difficult→moredifficultuseful→moreusefulcareful→morecarefulquietly→morequietlyslowly→moreslowlymore/most+双音节或多音节词6.特殊变化:clever→cleverer,cleverest二、不规则变化。(好,坏,多,少,远,老)good/well→better→bestbad/badly/ill→worse→worstmany/much→more→mostlittle→less→leastfar→farther→farthest(表距离)→further→furthest(表程度)old→older→oldest;→elder→eldest(只作定语,如:eldersister姐姐)第五节adj/adv比较级、最高级用法一、原级用法:EnglishisasimportantasChinese.It’snotasgoodastheexpensiveone.(L111)它没有那个价钱高的好。Heisasbusyasabee.Igetupasearlyasyoudo.Luckily,theweatherisnotsobadasyesterday.Thisisnotso/asgoodasthatone.总结:(1)原级比较用as...as...(肯)...notso/as...as...(否)(2)...as+adj/adv原级...as...二、比较级常用句型。1.It’ssmallerthantheblueone.(L107)Thebluesuitcaseisheavierthanthebrownone.(L108)I’mtallerthanshe.MaryrunsfasterthanTom.It’smuchcolderthanyesterday.Hedidhishomeworkmorecarefullythanher.HerunsmuchfasterthanTom.Thisproblemismuchmoredifficultthanthatone.总结:(1)口诀:than前必用比较级;见二就用比较级。甲+be+比较级+than+乙(2)句型:--- -甲+谓.v+比较级+than+乙(3)比较级前可用much,even,still,abit,alittle修饰可加强语气。2.It’sgettingcolderandcolder.Maryisgettingmoremorebeautiful.Thestudentsstudyharderandharder.★“比较级+and+比较级”越来越…3.Themorecarefulyouare,thelessmistakesyouwouldmake.thesooner,thebetter.越快越好。★“the+比较级,the+比较级。”越…越…三、比较级中特殊点。1.比较级前不加the,但在下面的句型中,比较级前加the。Heisthemorecarefuloftwoengineers.Heisthebetterdancerofthetwo.★“甲+谓语v.+the+比较级+ofthetwo+…”两者中较…2.试比较:ChongqingislargerthananyothercityinChina.(重庆属于中国的范围,用……thananyother+单.n)ShanghaiislargerthananycityinAfrica.(非洲的城市不包括上海,用…thanany+单n.)四、最高级中常见句型。1.Heisthetallestboyintheclass.Heisthetallestboyofthestudents.口诀:见三就用最高级。adj.最高级前+the,而adv最高级前the可省去。In/of用法区别口诀:同类的用of,不同类的用in。2.Sheisoneofthemostbeautifulgirlsintheschool.Lilyisoneofthemostpopularteachersinourschool.★“主语+谓语v.+oneofthe+最高级+复数n.+in/of短语”第十三章连词一、定义:连词是连接单词、短语或句子的一种词。(连词不能独立担当任何句子成分,而只起连接作用。)二、常见连词:【注意】1.在并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。如:Idon’tlikecoffeeortea.我既不喜欢喝咖啡也不喜欢喝茶。Ilikecoffeeandtea.我喜欢喝咖啡和茶。2.双重否定也要用and。如:Wecan’tlivewithoutairandwater.and,both...and,notonly...butalso,neither...nor,or,either...or,but,for,so,when,after,before,assoonas,if,although/though,because,until,not,,,until,so…that,sothatand—和表并列和对称Ilikebasketball,footballandtabletennis.or(或者,还是)表示选择Doyoucometoschoolbybikeorbybus?or(否则)表示转折Hurryup,oryouwillbelate.both...and...(两者都......)加强和明确and的连接作用BothTomandJimmyareinterestedincomputer.notonly...but(also).../notonly…but…aswell(不但......而且)--- -表示并列NotonlyyoubutalsoJennyoftencomeslate.neither...nor...(既不......也不......)表示并列NeitheryounorIamright.=NeitherInoryouareright.either...or...(或者......或者......)表示选择EitheryouorIamright.=EitherIoryouareright.but(但是)表示转折Theskirtisnice,butit’stooexpensive.so(因此,所以)表示原因Mymotheriswaitingforme,soImustbeoffnow.when(当......的时候)表示时间while(当......的时候)表示时间,其后的时间状语一般为进行时态,也可以连接两个同时进行的动作。as(当......的时候)表示时间,侧重于“一边…….一边…….”Pleasecomeandplaywithmewhenyouarefree. WhileIwaseatingbreakfast,thetelephonerang.AsMarywalked,shesangsongs.after(在......之后)表示事情发生的先后顺序Iwillinviteallofyoutodinneraftermynewhouseiscompleted.before(在......之前)与after构成反义词Youmustcleantheroombeforeyouleave.assoonas(一......就......)表示时间,符合主将从现原则。Youshouldgohomeassoonasitstopsraining.until(直到)通常用于not…until的句型中,表“直到…….才…….”Ididn’tgotobeduntileleveno’clocklastnight.if(如果......)表示条件,符合主将从现原则。Ifshecomesback,Iwilltellyou.Ifyouhaveanyquestion,pleaseletmeknow.(主将从祈)Ifyouhaveenoughtime,youcanlookafterourlittlebrother.(主将从情)if(是否)=whether常用于宾语从句中,表询问。Iwanttoknowifshewillcomeback.although/though(尽管/虽然......)表示让步,在中文里我们常常说“虽然......但是......”,而在英文里,although/though和but不能用在同一个句子中,要单独使用。AlthoughhehasneverbeentoAmerica,hehassomeAmericanfriends.because(因为......)表示原因,用于回答why的提问。Theyweresadbecausetheylosttheirfootballmatch.for(因为)表示原因,用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释。--- -Theymustbeathomenow,forit’sraining.since(既然)表示原因,指双方已知晓,无须加以说明的原因或事实。Sinceeveryoneishere,let’sstart.在中文里我们常常说“因为......所以......”,而在英语里because和so都表示原因,不能够用在同一个句子中,要单独使用。so…that(如此……以至于……)表示结果。=sucha/an+adj.+可数名词单数+thatsuch+adj.+可数名词复数/不可数名词+thatMysisterissoyoungthatshecan’tgotoschoolnow.=Mysisterissuchayounggirlthatshecan’tgotoschoolnow.sothat(结果是…….)表示结果。Itwasrainingheavily,sothatwestayathomeallthemorning.第十四章现在完成时一、定义:表示动作发生在过去①到目前为止已经结束,强调对现在造成的影响。(例1)②到目前为止还未结束,并有可能继续持续下去。(例2)1.I’vealreadyhadlunch.(L83).2.I’velivedherefor20years.(L89)二、结构:肯:主语+have/has+v-ed+其他否:主语+have/has+not+v-ed+其他疑:Have/Has+主语+v-ed+其他?答:肯:Yes,主+have/has.否:No,主+haven’t/hasn’t.肯:Ihaveseenthefilmbefore.否:Ihaven’tseenthefilmbefore.疑:Haveyouseenthefilmbefore?答:肯:Yes,Ihave.否:No,Ihavn’t.解析:(1)have/has是助动词,帮助构成时态。(2)v-ed称为过去分词。e.g.肯:Hehaspostedtheletter.否:Hehasn’tpostedtheletter.疑:Hashepostedtheletter?Yes,hehas.No,hehasn’t.特:Ihaveseenthefilmatthecinemathreetimes.(1)对“主语”提问:Whohasseenthefilmatthecinemathreetimes?(2)对“谓宾”提问:Whathaveyoudoneatthecinemathreetimes?(3)对“宾语”提问:Whathaveyouseenatthecinemathreetimes?(4)对“地状”提问:Wherehaveyouseenthefilm?总结:现完特句结构:特词+have/has+主+v-ed+其它+?(除了对主语提问)拓展:1.TomhasbeentoBeijingtwice.HowmanytimeshasTombeentoBeijing?2.Ihavelivedherefor20years.Howlonghaveyoulivedhere?总结:对“次数”提问用“howmanytimes…”对“for+一段时间”提问用“howlong”.三、标志性时间状语--- -1.already,just,yet,ever(曾经),never系列:位置:already,just,never常用于“助与行”之间,经常用于肯定句中。yet常用于否定句或疑问句中的句尾。ever常用于一般疑问句中或定语从句中。e.g.Theyhavejustarrived.Thefilmhasn’tstartedyet.Wehavealreadymet.HaveyoueverbeentoJapan.ShehasneverbeentoBeijing.(“never”从不在句子中出现,本句为否定句)ThisisthebestbookIhaveeverread.ItisthebestfilmIhaveeverseen.2.recently(近来):inthelastfewyears(在最近几年来)sofar至今为止,before以前。这些词的位置为句首或句尾。e.g.Ihaveseenthemoviebefore.GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinZhengzhouinthelastfiveyears.3.“for+一般时间”要求前面用延续性动词或状态词的完成时:e.g.Ihavelivedherefor7years.常用的“瞬间动词”如何变成相应的“延续性动词”:die—havebeendead;buy—havehad;join—havebeenin;begin—havebeenon;leave/go—havebeenaway;borrow—havekept;end—havebeenover;come/arrive—havebeenhere;getmarried—havebeenmarried;finish/stop—havebeenover;getup—havebeenup;(1)他两年前死的。他已经死了二年了。他的死使我们很伤心。Hediedtwoyearsago.Hehasbeendeadfortwoyears.Hisdeathmadeusverysad.(2)火车已经离开10分钟了。Thetrainhasleftfor10minutes.(错句)→Thetrainhasbeenawayfor10minutes.4.since口诀:句中有since,前面用“现完”,后用“一般过去时间点”。for+一段时间即:延续性动词……+since+时间点since+从句(过去时)(1)Ihavekeptanewbookfromtheschoollibraryfor2days.(2)Themanhasbeenawaysincehalfanhourago.(3)HehasbeeninChinasinceheleftEngland.(4)Wehavebeenheresince9o’clock.(5)I’velivedinLondonsinceIwastenyearsold.主+have/hasdone+since+一般过去时间点两个句型=Itis/hasbeen+一段时间+since+主+一般过去时的句子主+have/hasdone+since+一般过去时句子TomhasbeeninZhengzhousince3yearsago.=Itis/hasbeen7yearssinceIbegantolearnEnglish.四、用法:havegoneto与havebeento区别Jackisawayonholiday.HehasgonetoFrance.--- -杰克去度假了,他到法国去了。Mr.Chenisbackhomefromholiday.HehasbeentoBeijing.陈先生度假回来了,他去了北京。havegoneto与havebeento区别。havegoneto“去而未归”,某人到…去了。关键是人已离开出发地,可能在去的路上,可能已到目的地,可能正在这返还的路上,但肯定不是出发地。havebeento“去而已归”,关键是已经回来,常与次数连用。e.g.IhavebeentoShanghaitwice,butIhaveneverbeentoHongkong.ShehasgonetoShanghai.Sheisn’therenow.第十五章陈述句(1)主语+系动词+表语Thefridgeisempty.Milkandeggsaregoodforyourhealth.(2)主语+谓语+其它Susanlikesskatinginwinter.Martinisreading.一、什么是陈述句?陈述句就是叙述一件事情或表达一种看法的句子。如:Thetelephonerang.Ireallyagree.二、陈述句的种类(1)谓语为be动词时,”be+not”构成否定。I’mnotbusynow.(2)谓语为“助动词(be,will,shall;have,has等)+实意动词”时,“助动词+not”构成否定。Iamnotgoingtoplaycomputergames.PeterhasnotbeentoParis.Iwon’tfinishmyhomeworktomorrow.Theyhadn’tcomebackwhenwearrivedhome.(3)谓语为“情态动词+实意动词”时,“情态动词+not”构成否定。Youmustnotgotothathousealone.Youshouldnotstayuptoolate.(4)谓语动词为实意动词而且没有情态动词和助动词时,”do/does/didnot”构成否定。Shedidn’twanttothesecrettohermother.1.肯定式2.否定式第十六章疑问句一、什么是疑问句?用来提出问题的句子叫疑问句。疑问句句末用问号。如:Areyouateacher?Whatareyoulookingfor?Areyournewclothesredorblack?It’safineday,isn’tit?二、疑问句的种类:一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句,反意疑问句1.一般疑问句—通常是以be,have,助动词或情态动词开头,回答时用yes或no。朗读时用升调。如:AreyoufromGermany?MayIborrowyourruler?Haveyou(got)abike?Doesheoftenswiminsummer?Willyougototheparktomorrow?一般疑问句的回答一般疑问句的肯定回答用yes,后接肯定结构;否定回答用no,后接否定结构,并用简略形式。如:一般疑问句的句式是:1.Am/Is/Are/Was/Were+主语+其它?2.Do/Does/Did+主语+动词原形+其它?3.Will/Shall/Would/Should+主语+动词原形+其它?4.Can/May/Must...+主语+动词原形+其它?5.Have/Has/Had+主语+动词过去分词+其它?--Doyoulikemusic?--Yes,Ido.--No,Idon’t.2.特殊疑问句—是对句子中某一部分提问的疑问句。常用疑问词who,whom,whose,what,which,when,why,where,how(6个“w”1个“h”)等引导。朗读时,一般用降调。如:--- -Jessieismyfriend.→Whoisyourfriend?JohnplaysfootballonSundays.→WhatdoesJohndoonSundays?(1)What引导的特殊疑问句,常用来询问“什么”。What’sthetimenow,Jack?Whatcolouristhecar?What’stheweatherliketoday?Whatdidyoudolastnight?(2)Who引导的特殊疑问句,通常用来询问“谁”。Who’sthatoldman?Whoisondutytoday?Whocanhelpme?Whotoldyouthenews?(3)Whose引导的特殊疑问句,通常用来询问“谁的”。Whosewalletisthis?Whosedogisit?Whosetrousersarethese?Whoseglassesarethose?(4)Which引导的特殊疑问句,通常用来询问“哪一个”。Whichcolourdoyoulike?WhichgradeisJeniferin?Whichbookareyoureading?Whichcarwilltheybuy?(5)When引导的特殊疑问句,通常用来询问“什么时候”。Whenshallwehaveabarbecue?WhenareyoutakingmetoAustralia,Mom?Whendidshegooutforawalk?Whendoestheclassbegin?(6)Why引导的特殊疑问句,通常用来询问“为什么”。Whydon’twegotogether?Whyareyoulate?Whydidn’tyoufinishyourhomeworklastnight?Whyisshecrying?(7)Where引导的特殊疑问句,通常用来询问“在哪里”。Wherewereyoulastnight?Wheredidtheyhaveapicnic?WheredoesJoelive?WhereshallwemeetthisSunday?(8)How引导的特殊疑问句,通常用来询问“怎么样”。Howareyoutoday?Howdoyougotoschooleveryday?How还可以和many,much,long,often,soon等词连用共同引导特殊疑问句。Howmanycarrotsdoestherabbiteat?(询问数量)Howmuchisthefish?(询问价钱)Howlongwillyoustaythere?(询问时间长短)Howoftendotheygotothecinema?(询问频率,“多久一次”)Howsoonwillhebeback?(多久)特殊疑问句的回答特殊疑问句,不用yes或no回答,而是要根据实际情况直接回答。---Howoldareyou?---I’mten.Whom引导的特殊疑问句也是询问“谁”,但它只能对句子的宾语提问。如:Whomareyoutalkingabout?1.选择疑问句选择疑问句选择疑问句的结构选择疑问句的回答选择疑问句是提供两种或两种以上的情况,供对方选择回答的疑问句。全句用or连接,朗读时,or前的部分用升调,or后的部分用降调。1.一般疑问句+or+可选择部分Doyouliketeaorcoffee?Arethesepeachesredorgreen?选择疑问句的回答,不用yes或no回答,要根据实际情况直接回答。--Aretheseshoesbigorsmall?--They’resmall.2.特殊疑问句+可选择部分+or+可选择部分Whichgirlismoreclever,TinaorBelly?Howdoyoucomehere,bybikeoronfoot?【注】一般疑问句后面加“ornot”也可以构成选择疑问句。Haveyouhadbreakfastornot?4.反意疑问句Youknowhim,don’tyou?(陈述句)(附加疑问句)--- -反意疑问句是在陈述句的后面,对陈述句所说的事实或看法提出疑问的句子。朗读时,陈述句部分用降调,附加疑问句既可以用升调亦可以用降调。Horsescan’tfly,canthey?反意疑问句的结构1.肯定陈述句+否定结构的附加疑问句Wewerelate,weren’twe?Hevisitedyoulastnight,didn’the?2.否定陈述句+肯定结构的附加疑问句Candycan’tspeakFrench,canhe?附加疑问句的结构1.附加疑问句的主语必须和陈述句的主语一致。当陈述句的主语是名词时,附加疑问句的主语必须使用相应的人称代词。JimandTimaretwins,aren’tthey?2.附加疑问句的时态必须和陈述句的时态保持一致。Theywenttothecinema,didn’tthey?3.附加疑问句如果是否定结构,必须用缩写形式。It’srainingoutside,isn’tit?反意疑问句的回答反意疑问句用yes或no来回答。如果陈述句部分的内容是事实,就用yes,后面相应地用肯定结构;反之,用no,后面跟否定结构。--YoucanspeakSpanish,can’tyou?--Yes,Ican./No,Ican’t.总结:陈述句,简略问句?,前肯后否,前否后肯,主语一致,时态一致,用事实说话。常见的否定及半否定词:never,hardly,few,little,seldom,nothing,none等。第十七章祈使句一、什么是祈使句?用来表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等的句子叫做祈使句。如:Becareful!Openthedoor.Turnleftandthengostraight.祈使句通常没有主语,句子的末尾使用句号或感叹号,朗读时一般用降调。二、祈使句的种类1.表示请求Closethewindow,please!Pleaseputitonthetable.2.表示命令Stoptalking!Cleantheclassroomimmediately.3.表示提醒或警告Becareful!Thesoupishot.Lookout!Thecariscoming!4.表示禁止Nophotos.Nospitting!Nosmoking/fishing/swimming!5.表示邀请Comeonandjoinus!Helpyourselftosomefish,please!三、祈使句的构成:(do型,be型,let型)1.祈使句中的人名或称呼语不是句子的主语。如:Beagoodboy,Tom.(其中Tom不是主语,只是称呼。)2.肯定句的祈使句开头也可以用do表示强调。如:Dositstraight.坐直。1、do型肯定式:动词原形do否定式:don’t(never)+动词原形doBilly,getupatonce.Washyourhandsbeforethemeal。Don’tbelate.Nevermind.2、be型肯定式:be+其他 否定式:don’t(never)+be Becarefullytodoit,please.Don’tbelatenexttime.Chant:祈使句无主语, --- -主语you常省去;动词原形谓语当, 句首加don't否定变;朗读应当用降调, 句末常标感叹号。用"let"的祈使句时,必须注意下列几点:一、"let"的否定句有二。如果宾语是第三人称用"Don'tlet....."(见例(1));如果宾语是第一人称,则用"Let......not"(见例(2)):(1)Don'tletthistypeofthingshappenagain.(2)It'srainingnow.Let'snotgooutuntilaftertherain.二、"Let"只适用于现在时态,可以有被动语态(thepassivevoice),如:(1)Lettherecalcitrantcriminalsbesenttoprison.(2)Letallthededicatedcapablestaffbepromoted.三、"Let"后头除了是不带"to"的不定式动词(Theinfinitivewithout"to")之外,还可以是某些适当的副词,如out,in,down,alone等:(1)Letthepuppyout.(2)Openthewindowsandletthefreshairin.(3)Theroomistoosunny.Lettheblindsdown.(4)Letmealone,please.四、用"Let's"时,把谈话者的对象包括在内;用"Letus"时,并不包括对方,如:(1)Let'stryit,shallwe?(2)Letusdoitbyourselves,willyou? 从(1)里的"shallwe"和(2)里的"willyou",不难知道前者包括听话人,后者并没有。第十八章感叹句一、什么是感叹句?表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子叫做感叹句。如:Howclevertheboyis!Whatacleverboyheis!二、感叹句的构成(一般由how和what引导)1.how引导的感叹句—How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语Howwidetheroadis!Howcolourfultheballoonsare!Howfasttimeflies!Howwellshesings!2.what引导的感叹句—What+a/an+形容词+可数名词+主语+谓语What+形容词+可数名词复数(或不可数名词)+主语+谓语Whataninterestingfilmitis!Whatexpensiveclothestheyare!Whatpleasantweatheritis!Whatafinedayitis!=Whatfineweatheritis!三、速记口诀感叹句,并不难,what、how放句前; 强调名词用what,其余用how很简单。1.意义相同的感叹句,既可以用how来引导,亦可以用what来引导。如:Howinterestingthestoryis! Whataninterestingstoryitis!2.How和What引导的感叹句,后面的主语和谓语都可以省略。如:Howsweetitis!=Howsweet!Whatacoolboyheis!=Whatacoolboy!--- -第十九章Therebe句型一、什么是Therebe结构?Therebe结构表示“某处有某物或某人”,常用“Therebe+名词+地点/时间状语”的结构。二、Therebe结构的用法1.肯定结构(1)Thereis+单数可数名词/不可数名词+地点/时间状语Thereisabagonthechair.椅子上有个书包。Thereissomewaterintheglass.杯子里有些水。(2)Thereare+复数名词+地点/时间状语Therearesomegeeseonthelake.湖面上有几只鹅。there是引导词,在句中不充当任何成分,翻译时也不必译出。句中的主语是某人某物,谓语动词be要与主语(某人或某物)的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时,谓语动词要与离它最近的那个名词保持一致。如:Thereisastudentintheteachers’office.Thereisateacherandmanystudentsinourclassroom.2.否定结构—在be后加”not(any)”或“no”。如:Therearenochairsintheroom./Therearenotanychairsintheroom.3.一般疑问结构—把there和be的位置互换。如:Isthereachairintheroom?Arethereanyappletreesinthegarden?肯定式:Therearealotofdeerintheforest.否定式:Therearenotanydeerintheforest.疑问式:Arethereanydeerintheforest?4.特殊疑问句—用what,howmany/much来提问。如:Thereare3bottlesofwaterinthefridge.(就划线部分提问)What’sinthefridge?Therearethreegirlsintheclassroom.(就划线部分提问)Howmanygirlsarethereintheclassroom?Therebe句型可用于各种一般时态和完成时时态。如:Therewasameetingyesterday.Therewillbeapartyinthegardentonight.Therehasbeennoraintoday.第二十章非谓语动词一.动名词动名词作主语的句型 1)Doing...+v.Readingisanart.阅读是门艺术。Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。 2)havedifficulty/trouble/problem+(in)+doing have作有解时,后接情感名词(in可省略),再接动名词。这类词还有trouble,fun,ahardtime,agoodtime. 例如:Wehaddifficulty(in)carryingouttheplan.我们执行计划有困难。 3)feellike+名词 感觉像动名词“想要”=wouldliketo+原形动词 Ifeellikeanewbornbaby.我感觉像一个新生的婴儿。 Doyoufeellikegoingtoamovie?你想看电影吗? Idon'tfeellikestudyingtonight.今晚我不想读书。 4)spend/wastetimedoingsth.Theyspentalottime(in)makingpreparations.他们花了许多时间作准备。--- - 5)在require后只能用动名词,不能用不定式,尽管表示被动的意思也要用动名词的主动形式。Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.这个问题需要仔细研究。 6)cannothelpdoingsth.忍不住(做什么) Icannothelplaughing,onceIseejohninthatbigtrouser.7)stopsbfromdoingsth二.现在分词 有关分词句型 1)在表示感觉和心里状态的动词see,hear,feel,smell,listen(to),notice,observe,smell,watch这类表示感觉的动词之后常跟“宾语+现在分词”的复合结构,这种动词与分词之间的宾语可以是普通名词或专有名词(人各等),也可以是代词宾格(him,us等)。例如: Shesmeltsomethingburningandsawsmokerising.她闻到有东西在燃烧并看到有烟升起来了。 Iwatchedthemrehearsingtheplay.我看他们排演戏。 Icouldfeelthewindblowingonmyface.我能感觉到风在我脸上吹过。 3)go+现在分词表示“从事…”之意,这时现在分词做主语补语。go之后所接现在分词均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动。如:jogging慢跑,fishing钓鱼,dancing跳舞,skating溜冰,bowling打保龄球,shopping购物,sightseeing游览,camping露营。I’llgocampingtomorrow.我明天去露营。I’llgoshopping.我去商店。 Wouldyouliketogoskatingwithme?你想和我去溜冰吗? 4)bebusy+v-ing(现在分词)忙着做… Iambusywritingmythesis.我正忙着写论文。 Hisassistantisbusy(in)correctingpapers.他的助教忙于批阅考卷。 或者bebusywith+n.忙着做某事。 Heisbusywithhiswork.他忙着工作。三.动词不定式(1)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1)forgettodo忘记要去做某事(此事未做) forgetdoing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)2)stoptodo停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事 stopdoing停止正在或经常做的事3)remembertodo记住去做某事(未做) rememberdoing记得做过某事(已做)4)regrettodo对要做的事遗憾 regretdoing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5)trytodo努力、企图做某事 trydoing试验、试一试某种办法6)meantodo打算,有意要… meandoing意味着7)goontodo继而(去做另外一件事情) goondoing继续(原先没有做完的事情)8)like/love/hate/prefer+todo表示具体行为;+doingsth表示抽象、倾向概念 (注)如果这些动词前有should一词,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词。例如: Ishouldliketoseehimtomorrow.(2)不带to的不定式1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有:feel觉得 watch注视 listento听notice注意 see看见 lookat看 hear听--- - Onseeingtheyoungchildfellintothelake,Ericsprangtohisfeet,andwentontherescue.2)另一类是某些使役动词,如make,let,have等。如: Lethimdoit.让他做吧。 IwouldhaveyouknowthatIamill.我想要你知道我病了。 (注): ①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时.其后的不定式一般需带to,如: Hewasseentocome. Theboywasmadetogotobedearly. ②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如: Hewassurprisedtofindthesheep(to)breakfenceatthisseason.他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶。1.Iheardhim__thedoorA.locking B.tolock C.lock D.beinglocking 2.Theystopped___,butnowI’mgettinginterested.A.listening B.tolisten C.listen D.havinglistening3.Howabout____there?A.togo B.go C.going D.togoing ---
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