[考研英语]英语语言学

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1、一、绪论　　语言学的定义　　语言学的研究范畴　　几对基本概念　　语言的定义　　语言的甄别特征　　Whatislinguistics?什么是语言学？　　Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。　　Thescopeoflinguistics语言学研究的范畴　　Phonetics语音学Phonology音系学M

2、orphology形态学Syntax句法学Semantics语义学Pragmatics语用学Sociolinguistics社会语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Appliedlinguistics应用语言学　　Prescriptivevs.descriptive规定性与描述性　　Descriptive：alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.　　Prescriptive:itaimslaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.　　Modernlingui

3、sticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokendata.　　Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"writtenlanguage　　Synchronicvs.diachronic共时性与历史性　　Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy　　Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronics

4、tudy　　Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.　　Speechandwriting口头语与书面语　　Speechenjoyspriorityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyforthefollowingreasons:　　（1）speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution　　（2）alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechtaninwriting　　（3）s

5、peechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage　　Languageandparole语言与言语　　Languagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity　　Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse　　Competenceandperformance能力与运用　　Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusers'knowledgeofthe

6、rulesofhislanguage　　Performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication　　Whatislanguage?什么是语言？　　Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication　　Characteristicsoflanguage:语言的特性　　Languageisarule-governedsystem　　Languageisbasicallyvocal　　Languageisarbitrary（thefa

7、ctdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.ThisconventionalnatureoflanguageiswellillustratedbyafamousquotationfromShakespeare'splay"Romeoan