TCPIP的介绍说明-外文翻译

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1、IntroductiontoTCP/IPSummary:TCPandIPweredevelopedbyaDepartmentofDefense(DOD)researchprojecttoconnectanumberdifferentnetworksdesignedbydifferentvendorsintoanetworkofnetworks(the"Internet").Itwasinitiallysuccessfulbecauseitdeliveredafewbasicservicesthateveryoneneeds(filet

2、ransfer,electronicmail,remotelogon)acrossaverylargenumberofclientandserversystems.SeveralcomputersinasmalldepartmentcanuseTCP/IP(alongwithotherprotocols)onasingleLAN.TheIPcomponentprovidesroutingfromthedepartmenttotheenterprisenetwork,thentoregionalnetworks,andfinallyto

3、theglobalInternet.Onthebattlefieldacommunicationsnetworkwillsustaindamage,sotheDODdesignedTCP/IPtoberobustandautomaticallyrecoverfromanynodeorphonelinefailure.Thisdesignallowstheconstructionofverylargenetworkswithlesscentralmanagement.However,becauseoftheautomaticrecove

4、ry,networkproblemscangoundiagnosedanduncorrectedforlongperiodsoftime.Aswithallothercommunicationsprotocol,TCP/IPiscomposedoflayers:IP-isresponsibleformovingpacketofdatafromnodetonode.IPforwardseachpacketbasedonafourbytedestinationaddress(theIPnumber).TheInternetauthorit

5、iesassignrangesofnumberstodifferentorganizations.Theorganizationsassigngroupsoftheirnumberstodepartments.IPoperatesongatewaymachinesthatmovedatafromdepartmenttoorganizationtoregionandthenaroundtheworld.TCP-isresponsibleforverifyingthecorrectdeliveryofdatafromclienttoser

6、ver.Datacanbelostintheintermediatenetwork.TCPaddssupporttodetecterrorsorlostdataandtotriggerretransmissionuntilthedataiscorrectlyandcompletelyreceived.Sockets-isanamegiventothepackageofsubroutinesthatprovideaccesstoTCP/IPonmostsystems.NetworkofLowestBiddersTheArmyputsou

7、tabidonacomputerandDECwinsthebid.TheAirForceputsoutabidandIBMwins.TheNavybidiswonbyUnisys.ThenthePresidentdecidestoinvadeGrenadaandthearmedforcesdiscoverthattheircomputerscannottalktoeachother.TheDODmustbuilda"network"outofsystemseachofwhich,bylaw,wasdeliveredbythelowes

8、tbidderonasinglecontract.TheInternetProtocolwasdevelopedtocreateaNetworkofNetworks(the"Internet").Individualma