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1、Hierarchy,FormandReality
摘要：现代科学对哲学所提供的最重要成就是一种层次的世界观，对世界层次结构的分析将对形而上学和哲学具有明显的意义。夏法尔的论文“是否存在一个基础的层次？”系统地讨论了基础主义在这方面的工作及其面临的问题，在缺乏论证的情况下最后指出了一条非还原主义的出路，我们可以把每一层都看作是等同的，承认它们都具有“存在共和国中的完全公民权”。Abstract:Scientificprogressinthe20thcenturyhasshownthatthestructureoftheworldishierarchical.A
2、philosophicalanalysisofthehierarchywillbearobvioussignificanceformetaphysicsandphilosophyingeneral.JonathanSchaffer’spaper,"IsThereaFundamentalLevel?",providesasystematicreviewoftheworksinthefield,thedifficultiesforvariousversionsoffundamentalism,andtheprospectforthethird
3、option,i.e.,totreateachlevelasontologicallyequal.Thepurposeofthispaperistoprovideanargumentforthethirdoption,whichismissinginSchaffer’spaper.TheauthorwillapplyAristotle’stheoryofmatterandformtothediscussionofthehierarchyanddevelopaformrealism,whichwillgranteverylevelwith"fullc
4、itizenshipintherepublicofbeing."Itisalsoanargumentagainstontologicalandepistemologicalreductionism.1.IntroductionThemostsignificantscientificachievementforphilosophyinthe20thcenturyisthegeneralviewthatthestructureofourworldishierarchical.Inonedirection,astronomershaveprovedtha
5、ttheremotespiralnebulaearegalaxieslikeourownMilkyWay.ThustheUniverseisonelevelbiggerthantheMilkyWay,andconsistsofgalaxiesasislands.SomedayinthefuturetheymaydiscoverthatthereismorethanoneBigBang.Intheoppositedirection,atomicphysicistshaveshownthat,whileeverythingconsistsofmoleculesa
6、ndatoms,theatomsarenotatomic.Theysplittheatomsanddrilleddownallthewaythroughprotons,neutronsandelectrons,quarksandleptons,...andfinallytosuperstrings.Althoughtheyhavenowaytoprovethatasuperstringhasnointernalstructure,thetendencydidleadustopostulatethatitisanendlessdescending.Aftera
7、longjourneyinbothdirections,onethingisforsure:ourworldismulti-layered,i.e.,ofahierarchicalstructureofmultiplelevels.Ananalysisofthehierarchicalmodeloftheworlddefinitelybearsanobvioussignificanceformetaphysicsandforphilosophyingeneral.2.SchafferonFundamentalismJonathanSchaffer’srece
8、ntpaperonNOǗS,"IsTher
