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1、Hierarchy,FormandReality摘要：现代科学对哲学所提供的最重要成就是一种层次的世界观，对世界层次结构的分析将对形而上学和哲学具有明显的意义。夏法尔的论文“是否存在一个基础的层次？”系统地讨论了基础主义在这方面的工作及其面临的问题，在缺乏论证的情况下最后指出了一条非还原主义的出路，我们可以把每一层都看作是等同的，承认它们都具有“存在共和国中的完全公民权”。本文将为此提供一个论证：将亚里士多德的形式理论应用于世界层次结构的分析，发展出形式实在论，并以此来论证一种本体论的非还原主义以反对原子主义和物理主义;提出一种因果
2、作用的说明以反对副现象论；提出认识论的非还原主义以反对观念原子主义和认识论还原主义。Abstract:Scientificprogressinthe20thcenturyhasshownthatthestructureoftheworldishierarchical.Aphilosophicalanalysisofthehierarchywillbearobvioussignificanceformetaphysicsandphilosophyingeneral.JonathanSchaffer'spaper,’’IsThereaF
3、undamentalLevel?”，providesasystematicreviewoftheworksinthefield,thedifficultiesforvariousversionsoffundamentalism,andtheprospectforthethirdoption,i.e.，totreateachlevelasontologicallyequal.Thepurposeofthispaperistoprovideanargumentforthethirdoption,whichismissinginSchaf
4、fer’spaper.TheauthorwillapplyAristotle’stheoryofmatterandformtothediscussionofthehierarchyanddevelopaformrealism,whichwillgranteverylevelwith’’fullcitizenshipintherepublicofbeing.”Itisalsoanargumentagainstontologicalandepistemologicalreductionism.1.IntroductionThemosts
5、ignificantscientificachievementforphilosophyinthe20thcenturyisthegeneralviewthatthestructureofourworldishierarchical.Inonedirection,astronomershaveprovedthattheremotespiralnebulaearegalaxieslikeourownMilkyWay.ThustheUniverseisonelevelbiggerthantheMilkyWay,andconsistsof
6、galaxiesasislands.SomedayinthefuturetheymaydiscoverthatthereismorethanoneBigBang.Intheoppositedirection,atomicphysicistshaveshownthat,whileeverythingconsistsofmoleculesandatoms,theatomsarenotatomic.Theysplittheatomsanddrilleddownallthewaythroughprotons,neutronsandelect
7、rons,quarksandleptons,...andfinallytosuperstrings.Althoughtheyhavenowaytoprovethatasuperstringhasnointernalstructure,thetendencydidleadustopostulatethatitisanendlessdescending.Afteralongjourneyinbothdirections,onethingisforsure:ourworldismulti-layered,i.e.，ofahierarchi
8、calstructureofmultiplelevels.Ananalysisofthehierarchicalmodeloftheworlddefinitelybearsanobvioussignificanceformetaphy
