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1、ChapterThreeAnalysisofPragmaticFailureIncross-culturalcommunicationpeoplewithdifferentculturalbackgroundsoftenencountermisunderstandingbetweeneachothereventhoughtheyfindlittledifficultiesinunderstandingtheliteralmeaningoftheirutterances.Asitisdemonstratedinthe
2、followingcommunicationevent,aChinesesportcorrespondentwasgoingtocovertheWorld’sFastestWoman100-meterraceinChengdu,China.HehadachancemeetingwithMarionJonesoftheUnitedStates,World100-meterchampion,andherfriend,Hunter,onboardthesameflight.Correspondent:(eagertost
3、rikeupaconversationandcomplimentary)YoulookverymuchlikeO’Neil.Hunter:(flaringupwithwide-openeyes)Nonsense!Idon’tlooklikehim.Obviously,theconversationcametoanabruptendbecauseofHunter’sstrongresentmenttobelikenedtoO’Neil.Meanwhile,thecorrespondentmightbeatacompl
4、etelossastowhyHuntergotirritatedsincewhathesaidisawell-acceptedconversationalbeginningandapolite,good-humoredcomplimentforaverageChinesepeople.Suchmiscommunicationoftenhappens,notbecauseofthenon-nativespeakers’grammaticalincompetenceasrevealedintheirinaccurate
5、pronunciationorgrammaticalmistakesofthetargetlanguage,butbecauseoftheirpragmaticincompetence,whichiscalledpragmaticfailureasdistinguishedfromgrammaticalerror.Therefore,pragmaticfailure,whichcausescommunicationbreakdown,hasbecomemoreandmoreworthyofattentionincr
6、oss-culturecommunication.Inthischaptertheissueisgoingtobeexplored,whichmainlyconcernsthecommunicationbetweenChineseEnglishlearnersandEnglishnativespeakers.3.1DefinitionofPragmaticFailurePragmaticfailurewasfirstproposedbyJennyThomas(1983:91)toreferto“theinabili
7、tytounderstandwhatismeantbywhatissaid.”Thomasnotesthatpragmaticfailurehasoccurredonanyoccasion(1983:94)onwhichH(thehearer)perceivestheforceofS’s(thespeaker’s)utteranceasotherthanSintendedheorsheshouldperceiveit.Forexample,pragmaticfailurewilloccur,if:A:Hpercei
8、vestheforceofS’sutteranceasstrongasorweakerthanSintendeds/heshouldperceiveit;B:Hperceivesasanorderanutterance,whichSintendeds/heshouldperceiveasarequest;C:HperceivesS’sutteranceasa
