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1、第16页ThePermeabilityofPragmaticknowledgeinELTⅠ.AnintroductionofPragmatics1.1TheConceptofPragmaticsAsubfieldoflinguisticsdevelopedinthelate1970s,pragmaticsstudieshowpeoplecomprehendandproduceacommunicativeactorspeechactinaconcretespeechsituationwhichisusuallyaconversation.Itdistinguishestwointents
2、ormeaningineachutteranceorcommunicativeactofverbalcommunication.Oneistheinformativeintentorspeakermeaning(Leech,1983;SperberandWilson,1986).Theabilitytocomprehendandproduceacommunicativeactisreferredtoaspragmaticcompetence(Kaspe,1997)whichoftenincludesone’sknowledgeaboutthesocialdistance,socials
3、tatusbetweenthespeakersinvolved,theculturalknowledgesuchaspoliteness,andthelinguisticknowledgeexplicitandimplicit.Themodernusageoftheterm“pragmatics”isattributabletothephilosopherCharlesMorris(1938),whowasconcerntooutlinethegeneralshapeofascienceofsigns,orsemiotics（orsemioticsasMorrispreferred）.
4、Ontheonehand,theverybroaduseintendedbyMorrishasbeenretained.Ontheotherhand,andespeciallywithinanalyticalphilosophy,thetermpragmaticswassubjectedtoasuccessivenarrowingofscope.Withinsemiotics,Morrisdistinguishedthreedistinctbranchesofinquiry:a)syntactic(orsyntax),beingthestudyof“theformalrelationo
5、fsignstooneanother”;b)semantics,thestudyof“therelationofsignstotheobjectstowhichthesignstointerpreters.”Withineachbranchofsemiotics,onecouldmakethedistinctionbetweenpurestudies,concernedwiththeelaborationoftherelevantmetalanguage,anddescriptivestudies,whichappliedthemetalanguagetothedescriptiono
6、fspecificsignsandtheirusage.Fromtheviewofthefunctionofalanguage,Richardsetal(1992)describestheterm“pragmatics”as“thestudyoftheuseoflanguageincommunication,particularlytherelationshipsbetweensentencesandcontextsandsituationsinwhichtheyareused.”Pragmaticsincludesthestudyofa)howtheinterpretationand
7、useofutterancesdependsonknowledgeoftherealworld,b)howspeakersuseandunderstandspeechacts,c)howthestructureofsentencesisinfluencedbytherelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.Pragmaticsissometimescontrastedwithsemantics,whic
