资源描述：
《六级阅读理解100篇文本(完整版~)》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、
2、六级阅读理解100篇文本（完成版）CantheComputerLearnfromExperience计算机会总结经验吗Computershavebeentaughttoplaynotonlycheckers,butalsochampionshipchess,whichisafairlyaccurateyardstickformeasuringthecomputer’sprogressintheabilitytolearnfromexperience.Becausethegamerequireslogic
3、alreasoning,chesswouldseemtobeperfectlysuitedtothecomputer.allaprogrammerhastodoisgivethecomputeraprogramevaluatingtheconsequencesofeverypossibleresponsetoeverypossiblemove,andthecomputerwillwineverytime.Intheorythisisasensibleapproach;inpracticeitisimpos
4、sible.Today,apowerfulcomputercananalyze40000movesasecond.Thatisanimpressivespeed.Butthereareanastronomicalnumberofpossiblemovesinchess—literallytrillions.Evenifsucha
5、programwerewritten(andintheoryitcouldbe,givenenoughpeopleandenoughtime),thereisnocomputer
6、capableofholdingthatmuchdata.Therefore,ifthecomputeristocompeteatchampionshiplevels,itmustbeprogrammedtofunctionwithlessthancompletedata.Itmustbeabletolearnfromexperience,tomodifyitsownprogramm,todealwitharelativelyunstructuredsituation—inaword,to“think”f
7、oritself.Infact,thiscanbedone.Chess-playingcomputershaveyettodefeatworldchampionchessplayers,butseveralhavebeatenhumanplayersofonlyslightlylowerranks.Thecomputershavehadprogramstocarrythemthroughtheearly,mechanicalstagesoftheirchessgames.Buttheyhavegoneon
8、fromtheretoreasonandlearn,andsometimestowinthegame.Thereareotherproofsthatcomputerscanbeprogrammedtolearn,butthisexampleissufficienttodemonstratethepoint.Granted,winningagameofchessisnotanearthshakingeventevenwhenacomputerdoesit.Buttherearemanyserioushuma
9、nproblemswhichbanbefruitfullyapproachedasgames.TheDefenseDepartmentusescomputersto
10、playwargamesandworkoutstrategiesfordealingwithinternationaltensions.Otherproblems—internationalandinterpersonalrelations,ecologyandeconomics,andtheever-increasingthreatofwo
11、rldfamine—canperhapsbesolvedbythejointeffortsofhumanbeingsandtrulyintelligentcomputers.Notescheck:agameplayedonacheckerboardbytwoplayers,eachusing12piecesecology:therelationshipbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment生态关
