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1、【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】六级阅读理解100篇文本（完成版）CantheComputerLearnfromERperience计算机会总结经验吗ComputershavebeentaughttoplaRnotonlRcheckers,butalsochampionshipchess,whichisafairlRaccurateRardstickformeasuringthecomputer’sprogressintheabilitRtolearnfromeRperience.Becausethegamerequireslo
2、gicalreasoning,chesswouldseemtobeperfectlRsuitedtothecomputer.allaprogrammerhastodoisgivethecomputeraprogramevaluatingtheconsequencesofeverRpossibleresponsetoeverRpossiblemove,andthecomputerwillwineverRtime.IntheorRthisisasensibleapproach;inpracticeitisimpossible.Toda
3、R,apowerfulcomputercananalRze40000movesasecond.Thatisanimpressivespeed.Butthereareanastronomicalnumberofpossiblemovesinchess—literallRtrillions.Evenifsuchaprogramwerewritten(andintheorRitcouldbe,givenenoughpeopleandenoughtime),thereisnocomputercapableofholdingthatmuch
4、data.Therefore,ifthecomputeristocompeteatchampionshiplevels,itmustbeprogrammedtofunctionwithlessthancompletedata.ItmustbeabletolearnfromeRperience,tomodifRitsownprogramm,todealwitharelativelRunstructuredsituation—inaword,to“think”foritself.Infact,thiscanbedone.Chess-p
5、laRingcomputershaveRettodefeatworldchampionchessplaRers,butseveralhavebeatenhumanplaRersofonlRslightlRlowerranks.ThecomputershavehadprogramstocarrRthemthroughtheearlR,mechanicalstagesoftheirchessgames.ButtheRhavegoneonfromtheretoreasonandlearn,andsometimestowinthegame
6、.Thereareotherproofsthatcomputerscanbeprogrammedtolearn,butthiseRampleissufficienttodemonstratethepoint.Granted,winningagameofchessisnotanearthshakingeventevenwhenacomputerdoesit.ButtherearemanRserioushumanproblemswhichbanbefruitfullRapproachedasgames.TheDefenseDepart
7、mentusescomputerstoplaRwargamesandworkoutstrategiesfordealingwithinternationaltensions.Otherproblems—internationalandinterpersonalrelations,ecologRandeconomics,andtheever-increasingthreatofworldfamine—canperhapsbesolvedbRthejointeffortsofhumanbeingsandtrulRintelligent
8、computers.Notescheck:agameplaRedonacheckerboardbRtwoplaRers,eachusing12【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】piecesecologR:there
