西方文化复习预习资料

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1、.Scholasticism经院哲学：ScholasticismisamethodofcriticalthoughtwhichdominatedteachingbytheacademicsofmedievaluniversitiesinEuropefromabout1100-1700.It’sthemostfamousphilosophyduringtheendofthemiddleage.Italwaysconsideredasareconciliationbetweenreasonandbelief,andappliedinchurch’sbeliefsandcode.启蒙运动：Theen

2、lightenmentisgenerallyagreedtohaveoriginatedinFranceinthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.ItcharacterizestheeffortsbycertainEuropeanwriterstouseprejudice,unexaminedauthorityandoppressionbyChurchorState,it’salsocalledtheAgeofReason.Itwasaneliteculturalmovementtousethepowerofreasoninordertoreformsocietyanda

3、dvanceknowledge.ItpromotedintellectualinterchangeandopposedintoleranceandabusesinChurchandstate.浪漫主义：Romanticism (alsothe Romanticera orthe Romanticperiod)wasanartistic,literary,musicalandintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinEuropetowardtheendofthe18thcenturyandinmostareaswasatitspeakintheapproximate

4、periodfrom1800to1850.Romanticismwascharacterizedbyitsemphasisonemotionandindividualismaswellasglorificationofallthepastandnature,preferringthemedievalratherthantheclassical.现实主义Realism:Realismreferstotheaccurate,detailed,non-ornamenteddepictionofnatureorofhumanlife.Itadvocatesacloseobservationofoutw

5、ardappearances.Itisamodeofwritingorcreativeexpressiondatesbacktoancienttimeswhensomeunearthedartifactsorliteraryfragmentsdisclosedsomecloselinkstoreallifeevenatthetimeitwasdisplayed.Itisbothawayofthinkingandamethodofcreationinthearts.Socrates苏格拉底:Socrates’sstatusissoimportantinphilosophythatalmostal

6、lthephilosophersofthe4thcenturyBCinvokedhisideaeitherdirectlyorindirectlyandevensincehisteachingshavecirculatedthroughwesternculture.Heassertedthatoneshouldpursueknowledge,whileignoranceisanimportantsourceofevilandwrongdoing.Onemustgainknowledgetoacquirevirtue,whilevirtueisasourceofknowledge.Heshift

7、edthefocusfromnaturetopeopleandsocial’sessence.Hethinkeverythingisbecauseofkindness.Headmiredhewasignoranceandobjecttoone’sowndesire.Hethinkoneshouldidentifyoneself,knowoneselfofwhatyouare.Plato柏拉图:So