西方文化复习资料

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1、Scholasticism经院哲学：ScholasticismisamethodofcriticalthoughtwhichdominatedteachingbytheacademicsofmedievaluniversitiesinEuropefromabout1100-1700.It’sthemostfamousphilosophyduringtheendofthemiddleage.Italwaysconsideredasareconciliationbetweenreasonandbelief,andappliedinchurch’sbeliefsandcode.

2、启蒙运动：TheenlightenmentisgenerallyagreedtohaveoriginatedinFranceinthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.ItcharacterizestheeffortsbycertainEuropeanwriterstouseprejudice,unexaminedauthorityandoppressionbyChurchorState,it’salsocalledtheAgeofReason.Itwasaneliteculturalmovementtousethepowerofreasoninord

3、ertoreformsocietyandadvanceknowledge.ItpromotedintellectualinterchangeandopposedintoleranceandabusesinChurchandstate.浪漫主义：Romanticism (alsothe Romanticera orthe Romanticperiod)wasanartistic,literary,musicalandintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinEuropetowardtheendofthe18thcenturyandinmosta

4、reaswasatitspeakintheapproximateperiodfrom1800to1850.Romanticismwascharacterizedbyitsemphasisonemotionandindividualismaswellasglorificationofallthepastandnature,preferringthemedievalratherthantheclassical.现实主义Realism:Realismreferstotheaccurate,detailed,non-ornamenteddepictionofnatureorofh

5、umanlife.Itadvocatesacloseobservationofoutwardappearances.Itisamodeofwritingorcreativeexpressiondatesbacktoancienttimeswhensomeunearthedartifactsorliteraryfragmentsdisclosedsomecloselinkstoreallifeevenatthetimeitwasdisplayed.Itisbothawayofthinkingandamethodofcreationinthearts.Socrates苏格拉底

6、:Socrates’sstatusissoimportantinphilosophythatalmostallthephilosophersofthe4thcenturyBCinvokedhisideaeitherdirectlyorindirectlyandevensincehisteachingshavecirculatedthroughwesternculture.Heassertedthatoneshouldpursueknowledge,whileignoranceisanimportantsourceofevilandwrongdoing.Onemustgai

7、nknowledgetoacquirevirtue,whilevirtueisasourceofknowledge.Heshiftedthefocusfromnaturetopeopleandsocial’sessence.Hethinkeverythingisbecauseofkindness.Headmiredhewasignoranceandobjecttoone’sowndesire.Hethinkoneshouldidentifyoneself,knowoneselfofwhatyouare.Plato柏拉图:Soc