西方文化复习资料

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1、Scholasticism经院哲学：ScholasticismisamethodofcriticalthoughtwhichdominatedteachingbytheacademicsofmedievaluniversitiesinEuropefromabout1100-1700.It’sthemostfamousphilosophyduringtheendofthemiddleage.Italwaysconsideredasareconciliationbetweenreasonandbelief,andap

2、pliedinchurch’sbeliefsandcode.启蒙运动：TheenlightenmentisgenerallyagreedtohaveoriginatedinFranceinthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.ItcharacterizestheeffortsbycertainEuropeanwriterstouseprejudice,unexaminedauthorityandoppressionbyChurchorState,it’salsocalledtheAgeofR

3、eason.Itwasaneliteculturalmovementtousethepowerofreasoninordertoreformsocietyandadvanceknowledge.ItpromotedintellectualinterchangeandopposedintoleranceandabusesinChurchandstate.浪漫主义：Romanticism (alsothe Romanticera orthe Romanticperiod)wasanartistic,literary,

4、musicalandintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinEuropetowardtheendofthe18thcenturyandinmostareaswasatitspeakintheapproximateperiodfrom1800to1850.Romanticismwascharacterizedbyitsemphasisonemotionandindividualismaswellasglorificationofallthepastandnature,preferri

5、ngthemedievalratherthantheclassical.现实主义Realism:Realismreferstotheaccurate,detailed,non-ornamenteddepictionofnatureorofhumanlife.Itadvocatesacloseobservationofoutwardappearances.Itisamodeofwritingorcreativeexpressiondatesbacktoancienttimeswhensomeunearthedart

6、ifactsorliteraryfragmentsdisclosedsomecloselinkstoreallifeevenatthetimeitwasdisplayed.Itisbothawayofthinkingandamethodofcreationinthearts.Socrates苏格拉底:Socrates’sstatusissoimportantinphilosophythatalmostallthephilosophersofthe4thcenturyBCinvokedhisideaeitherdi

7、rectlyorindirectlyandevensincehisteachingshavecirculatedthroughwesternculture.Heassertedthatoneshouldpursueknowledge,whileignoranceisanimportantsourceofevilandwrongdoing.Onemustgainknowledgetoacquirevirtue,whilevirtueisasourceofknowledge.Heshiftedthefocusfrom

8、naturetopeopleandsocial’sessence.Hethinkeverythingisbecauseofkindness.Headmiredhewasignoranceandobjecttoone’sowndesire.Hethinkoneshouldidentifyoneself,knowoneselfofwhatyouare.Plato柏拉图:Soc