西方文化复习资料

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1、Scholasticism经院哲学：ScholasticismisamethodofcriticalthoughtwhichdominatedteachingbytheacademicsofmedievaluniversitiesinEuropefromabout1100-1700.It’sthemostfamousphilosophyduringtheendofthemiddleage.Italwaysconsideredasareconciliationbetweenreasonandbelief,andappliedinchurch’sbelie

2、fsandcode.启蒙运动：TheenlightenmentisgenerallyagreedtohaveoriginatedinFranceinthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.ItcharacterizestheeffortsbycertainEuropeanwriterstouseprejudice,unexaminedauthorityandoppressionbyChurchorState,it’salsocalledtheAgeofReason.Itwasaneliteculturalmovementtouset

3、hepowerofreasoninordertoreformsocietyandadvanceknowledge.ItpromotedintellectualinterchangeandopposedintoleranceandabusesinChurchandstate.浪漫主义：Romanticism (alsothe Romanticera orthe Romanticperiod)wasanartistic,literary,musicalandintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinEuropetowardth

4、eendofthe18thcenturyandinmostareaswasatitspeakintheapproximateperiodfrom1800to1850.Romanticismwascharacterizedbyitsemphasisonemotionandindividualismaswellasglorificationofallthepastandnature,preferringthemedievalratherthantheclassical.现实主义Realism:Realismreferstotheaccurate,detai

5、led,non-ornamenteddepictionofnatureorofhumanlife.Itadvocatesacloseobservationofoutwardappearances.Itisamodeofwritingorcreativeexpressiondatesbacktoancienttimeswhensomeunearthedartifactsorliteraryfragmentsdisclosedsomecloselinkstoreallifeevenatthetimeitwasdisplayed.Itisbothawayof

6、thinkingandamethodofcreationinthearts.Socrates苏格拉底:Socrates’sstatusissoimportantinphilosophythatalmostallthephilosophersofthe4thcenturyBCinvokedhisideaeitherdirectlyorindirectlyandevensincehisteachingshavecirculatedthroughwesternculture.Heassertedthatoneshouldpursueknowledge,whi

7、leignoranceisanimportantsourceofevilandwrongdoing.Onemustgainknowledgetoacquirevirtue,whilevirtueisasourceofknowledge.Heshiftedthefocusfromnaturetopeopleandsocial’sessence.Hethinkeverythingisbecauseofkindness.Headmiredhewasignoranceandobjecttoone’sowndesire.Hethinkoneshouldident

8、ifyoneself,knowoneselfofwhatyouare.Plato柏拉图:Soc