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一.翻译的基本技巧1.词性转换法Awell-dressedman,wholookedandtalkedlikeanAmerican,gotintothecar.(一个穿着讲究的人上了车。他的外表和谈吐都像个美国人。)Securitieslawsrequirecompaniestotreatallshareholdersreasonablyequally.(证券法要求公司给所有持股人既合理又平等的待遇。)TimeWarnerwillpayTCI360millionforSouthernSatellitecompany.(时代华纳愿会给TCI三亿六千万美圆购买南方卫星这家公司。)2.增减重复法Shewasmoreroyalthantheroyals.(她比皇家成员更有皇家气质。)Youmustcomebackbeforenine.Period!(你必须九点前回来,没有什么可商量的余地。)Therearescenesofallsorts,somedreadfulcombats,somegrandandloftyhorse-riding,somescenesofhighlife,andsomeofverymiddlingindeed;somelovemakingforthesentimental,andsomelightcomicbusiness.(……看看各种表演,像激烈的格斗,精采的骑术,上流社会的形形色色,普通人家生活的情形,专为多情的看客预备的恋爱场面,轻松滑稽的穿插等等。)Heshouldn’thavetakenadvantageofhersexually.(他本不应该占她的便宜。)Therehadbeentoomuchpublicityabouttheirrelationship.(他们的关系已经闹得满城风雨,人人皆知了。)ButEuropeheldforththecharmsofstoriedandpoeticalassociation.(但欧洲也有它的美,欧洲的美较之美国的美更富于历史与诗意的联想。)3.反面着笔法Yettheprocessofachievinggenderequalityisstillanongoingone. (然而争取男女平行的过程仍然是一项未竟之业。)WithSiliconValley’snotorioushousingpricesinmind,Iexpectedtoseeamuchworsehouse.(由于对硅谷房价出奇的高早有所闻,所以看到房子还过得去,真出乎我意料。)4.分合移位法AndagrowingminorityofWesternintellectualsagreed.(越来越多的西方知识分子当时接受这种看法,虽然从数量上说,他们仍是少数。)Anaïveprojectionoftheirpastgrowthratesintothefuturewaslikelytogreatlyoverstatetheirrealprospects.(若以过去的增长率来预测未来,会显得考虑欠周,因为那种预测会严重夸大未来的实际增长。)TheInaugurationtookplaceonabright,cold,andwindyday.(就职典礼那天天气晴朗,寒风凛冽。)Thankyouforyouradviceandcounsel.(谢谢您的忠告)Ikneweveryspotwhereamurderorrobberyhadbeencommittedoraghostseen.(什么地方发生过盗案或者凶杀案,什么地方有鬼魂出现过,我都知道。)AwomaninfectedwithHIVmaybeostracizedorabandonedbyherhusbandifherconditionisrevealed,evenwhenheisthesourceofthedisease.(即使妇女的HIV被丈夫传染,病情一旦泄露,还是会遭受冷待或抛弃。)二.汉英段落翻译实践1.词义的理解为促进统一,就要有个适当的方式。Topromotethereunificationofthemotherland,wemustfindapropermeans.当今只有少数几个国家有资格打世界大战。 Onlyafewcountriescanaffordtofightaworldwar.2.词义的表达汉语中的“水平”,英语根据不同搭配用不同的词:提高生活水平upgradethelivingstandard提高会话水平improveone’sconversationalability提高领导水平improvetheartofleadership提高文化水平raisetheintellectuallevel(ofpeople)提高英语水平toimproveEnglish清华附中的小记者走出校门,采访了76位路人。AgroupofteenagereportersfromthemiddleschooltoQinghuaUniversitytookapollonthestreeton76passersby.3.添加主语读书可以增长知识。Throughreadingonecanacquireknowledge.得第一名获金牌,第四名什么也拿不到。Whoevercomesfirstwinsagoldmedalbutanyonewhocomesfourthgetsnothing.4.信息主语报告的其他部分没有提到这一点。Thespeakermadenomentionofthispointelsewhereinhisreport.Thispointwasnotmentionedanywhereinhisreport.到去年年底,已与好几个国签订了建造拉索桥的合同或协议。Bytheendoflastyear,contractsoragreementweresignedwithsomecountriesfortheconstructionofchainbridges. 5.连贯主语机构投资者和个人投资者踊跃购买每年发行的国库券。企业债券因为期限短,利率高于银行存款利率一到二个百分点,因此也十分受欢迎。人们争相购买债券,往往前一天晚上就在银行外排队,一个亿的债券几天就一售而空。Treasurybondsissuedeachyearhasbeenthemostpopularwithinstitutionalandindividualinvestors.Enterprisebondsarealsopopularbecausetheyhaveashortmaturityandofferaninterestingrateof1-2%morethantheaveragebankdepositrate.OftenRMB100millionworthofenterprisebondsaresubscribedwithinafewdaysbyanxiousinvestorswhoqueueovernightoutsidebanks.五十年代初期,美国企图征服朝鲜,但是中朝军民共同努力,最后打败了他们。Intheearly1950s,theU.StriedtoconquerKorea,butfinallyweredefeatedbythejointeffortsofthearmyandpeopleofKoreaandChina.6.搭配主语因为我们国家的建设事业不仅仅需要的是工程师和科学家,同样需要各行各业的能工巧匠。ForChinainherdevelopmentneedsnotonlyengineersandscientists,buttalentofdifferentkinds.身体虽弱,但精神还好。Heisphysicallyweakbutmentallysound.7.非人称主语不同的人对退休持不同的态度。Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsretirement.Attitudestowardsretirementvaryfrompersontoperson.大多数人对学生的要求持同情的态度。Thereisconsiderablepublicsympathyforthestudentsdemands. 8.断句与合句世界上一些国家发生问题,从根本上说,都是因为经济上不去,没有饭吃,没有衣穿,没有房住,工资增长被通货膨胀抵消,生活水平下降,大批人下岗和失业,长期过紧日子。Basically,therootcauseforsocialunrestinsomecountriesliesintheirfailuretoboosttheireconomy.Consequentlytheylackfood,clothingandshelter,andtheirwageincreasesareoffsetbyinflation.Withadeclineinlivingstandards,widespreadlayoffsandunemployment,peoplehavetosufferchronichardships.这五年,首先农村改革带来许多新的变化,农作物大幅度增产,农民收入大幅度增加,乡镇企业异军突起。Duringthosefiveyears,ruralreformbroughtaboutmanychanges:agreatincreaseincropproductionandinfarmers’incomeaswellastheriseofruralenterprisesasanewforce.9.理关系分主次相当多的国有企业生产经营困难,下岗和失业人员增多,就业压力加大。QuiteanumberofState-ownedenterprisesareexperiencingdifficultiesinproductionandmanagement,causinganincreaseinunemploymentandconsequentpressuresinemployment.10.突出信息重心经过多年的努力,我们国家已能用仅占世界百分之七的耕地,养活了占世界百分之二十二的人口,使十一亿人民基本解决了温饱问题。Nowithassolvedtheproblemoffoodandclothingtoapointwhereithasmanagedtofeedits1.1billionpeople,22percentoftheworld’stotalpopulation,withonly7percentoftheworld’scultivatedland.反对革命和社会主义的敌人对新中国散布了种种造谣毁谤,作者在这本书里把它们一一揭穿了。对于这个功绩,世界上千千万万的人都要感谢的。Millionsofpeoplethroughouttheworldareindebttotheauthorfortheserviceherenderedinthatbookbytearingasidethecurtainofliesandslandersaboutnew Chinaputupbytheenemyofrevolutionandsocialism.11.句子的调整贪污腐化,奢侈浪费等现象仍在蔓延滋长。Corruption,extravaganceandwastearestillgrowingandspreading.12.语义性添词发展才是硬道理。Economicgrowthismostimportant.我们确定搞两个开放:一是对内开放,一个是对外开放。Wehavedecidedonanopenpolicyintworespects:namelytoopenbothwithinthenationandtotheworld.13.连贯性添词他在考察的过程中,从不盲目迷信书本上的结论,从不把权威看作是真理的唯一基础。他发现前人研究的地理记载中有许多不可靠的地方。Heneverblindlyacceptedtheconclusionsgivenbybooks,nordidhetreatauthorityasthesolebasisfortruth.Asaresult,hefoundmanyinaccuraciesinthetravelnotesongeographywrittenbyhispredecessors.14.表达性添词中国的影响,中国的成就,在世界上到处可见。ThesignsofChina’sinfluenceandsuccessaboundintheworld.最近几年,考托福的人大大减少了。Inrecentyears,thenumberofpeoplewhotaketheTOEFLtesthasdecreased.15.句内重复信息省略海峡两岸的中国人都是骨肉同胞,手足兄弟。TheChineseonbothsidesoftheTaiwanStraitsareofthesameblood.他虽然带着五七分酒意,却装做十分醉的,前颠后仰,东倒西歪。 Hewasnotreallydrunk,butpretendedhewasintoxicatedandstaggeredalong.16.词内重复信息省略由于各种各样的原因,他们常常感到心情压抑,事业受挫。Theyoftenfeeldepressedandfrustratedforavarietyofreasons.这份杂志内容有趣,文安浅显,立即畅销全国。Themagazinehasgainedimmediatenationwidepopularityatonceasitisinterestingandeasy.17.代词性替代这个代价还不只是环境上的。代价还有社会风气的变坏。Thecostisnotonlyenvironmental,itisalsomoreseriousintermsofthedeclineinpublicmorals.他讨厌失败,他一生中曾战胜失败,超越失败,并且藐视别人的失败。Hehatedfailure;hehadconquereditallhislife,risenaboveit,anddespiseditinothers.18.同义词替代在科技界,医学界和体育界,同样存在相同的情况。……这种情况相当糟糕。……这种情况一直到九十年代初才有所改变。Asimilarstoryhasbeentoldinscience,medicineandsportscircles…Thesituationwassogrim…Itdidn’tchangemuchuntiltheearly1990…这项政策能确保发展中国家不断提高生活水平,确保发达国家的经济持续发展。Thepolicywillensurearisingstandardoflivingforthedevelopingcountriesandsustainedeconomicgrowthforthedevelopedworld.19.概括词替代由十余位中国和美国教师开设硕士水平的各种课程。美国学生由中国教师负责教学,主要研究中国问题。用汉语上课。 Underthem,uptoadozenfacultymembersofbothnationalitieswillofferavarietyofcoursesatthemaster’slevel.TheAmericans,studyingwithChineseprofessors,willconcentrateonChina.这样我就开始准备写“中国的词”的论文。其实,童年在家里我喜欢读词读赋,但对于词,我并没有好好研究过。SoIbegantopreparemydissertationonChineseCi,asubjectofwhichIhadnevermadeathoroughstudythoughIlikedtoreadthiskindofpoetryinmychildhood.20.结构性替代说到埃及,人们不可能不想到金字塔,同样,说到中国,人们也不可能不想到长城。Onecan’tspeakofEgyptwithoutthinkingofthePyramids,norofChinawithouttheGreatWall.说一个人自私自利,不只是因为他只图自己的利益,而是因为他不顾邻人的利益。Amaniscalledselfish,notforpursuinghisowngood,butforneglectinghisneighbor’s.21.修饰语的处理学校的任务是培养德智体全面发展,能熟练运用外语从事外事和文化交流工作的合格人才。Theuniversityaimstotrainmorally,intellectuallyandphysicallydevelopedstudentswithagoodcommandofforeignlanguagesandqualifiedforforeignaffairsandculturalexchangewithforeigncountries.他们在这里修建了一座足以通过重型卡车的桥梁。Theybuiltupthereabridgestrongenoughtosupportheavylorries22.汉语动词的处理 人际关系就是一种善于听取别人意见,体察别人的需要,虚心接受批评的能力Interpersonalskillsarenothingbuttheabilitytobegoodlistener,tobesensitivetowardothers’needs,totakecriticismwell.这就给几十万在高峰时间乘车上下班的人带来了很大的不便。Thushundredsofthousandsofrushhourcommutersaregreatlyaffected.他一张饱经风霜的脸上,双眉紧销,显得心事重重。Therewasatroubledfrownonhisweather-beatenface.23.抽象名词的运用这部短小精焊的书一问世立即受到人们,特别是大学生的青睐,并多次再版。无须解释人们为什么这么喜爱这本书,因为只要稍加浏览,就可以看到书里收集的格言反映了文明社会中对于友谊的看法。Thisshortworkenjoyedanimmediateacceptance,especiallyamongcollegestudents,andwasreprintedmanytimes.Itspopularityneedsnoexplanation,forabriefperusalofthequestionsshowsthattheyembodythenotionsofcivilizedfriendship.在经济发展中,我们要控制人口,节约资源,保护环境,并把它们放到重要位置上。Greatimportancemustbeattachedtopopulationcontrol,theconservationofresourcesandenvironmentalprotectionineconomicgrowth.24.换一种说法土地的紧张迫使人们越来越多地砍去森林,造起住房。Andlandhungerisforcingmoreandmorehomestobebuiltonthelandoncecoveredwiththeforests.这是一出超越民族局限的戏。Theplayhasuniversalappeal.25.抽象化表达冬季您若怕冷的话,可以到没有酷暑和严冬的“春城”昆明。Ifyoudislikethecoldinwinter,youcanvisitKunming,the“SpringCity”which issparedtemperatureextremes.华侨离乡背井,远居国外。因此他们在感情上越来越向往祖国大陆。AbsenceanddistancemaketheoverseasChineseheartincreasinglyfondofthemotherland.