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1、组织行为学：群体决策Thebelief—characterizedbyjuries—thattwoheadsarebetterthanonehaslongbeenacceptedasabasiccomponentofNorthAmericanandmanyothercountries’legalsystems.Thebeliefhasexpandedtothepointthat,today,manydecisionsinorganizationsaremadebygroups,teams,orcommit
2、tees.在工作群体内是采用个人决策还群体决策，主要取决于问题的性质。lAdvantageofGroupsIndividualandgroupdecisionseachhavetheirownsetofstrengths.Neitherisidealforallsituations.Thefollowingidentifiesthemajoradvantagesthatgroupsofferoverindividualsinthemakingofdecisions:1.Morecompleteinform
3、ationandknowledge2.Increaseddiversityofviews3.Increasedacceptanceofasolution4.IncreasedlegitimacyNorthAmericanandmanyothercapitalisticsocietiesvaluedemocraticmethods.Thegroupdecisionmakingprocessisconsistentwithdemocraticidealsand,therefore,maybeperceived
4、asbeingmorelegitimatethandecisionsmadebyasingleperson.Whenanindividualdecisionmakerfailstoconsultwithothersbeforemakingadecision,thedecisionmaker’scompletepowercancreatetheperceptionthatthedecisionwasmadeautocraticallyandarbitrarily.lDisadvantagesofGroups
5、1.Timeconsuming2.PressurestoconformAsnotedpreviously,therearesocialpressuresingroups.Thedesirebygroupmemberstobeacceptedandconsideredanassettothegroupcanresultinsquashinganyovertdisagreement,thusencouragingconformityamongviewpoints.1.DominationbythefewGro
6、updiscussioncanbedominatedbytheoneorafewmembers.Ifthisdominantcoalitioniscomposedoflow-andmedium-abilitymembers,thegroup’soveralleffectivenesswillsuffer.2.AmbiguousresponsibilityGroupmembersshareresponsibility,butwhoisactuallyaccountableforthefinaloutcome
7、?Inanindividualdecision,itisclearwhoisresponsible.Inagroupdecision,theresponsibilityofanysinglememberiswatereddown.Effectivenessandefficiency:whethergroupsaremoreeffectivethanindividualsdependsonthecriteriayouusefordefiningeffectiveness.Intermsofaccuracy,
8、groupdecisionstendtobemoreaccurate.Theevidenceindicatesthat,ontheaverage,groupsmakebetterqualitydecisionsthanindividuals.However,ifdecisioneffectivenessisdefinedintermsofspeed,individualsaresuperior.Buteffectiveness
