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1、TheEthicalAspectsofTransgenicOrganismsDennisCooleyDepartmentofHistoryNorthDakotaStateUniversitySupportedbyaUSDA/CSREES/IFAFSgrant,“ConsortiumtoAddressSocial,Economic,andEthicalAspectsofBiotechnology.”BiotechnologyIndustryStatisticsThereare1,457biotechnologycompaniesinth
2、eUnitedStates,ofwhich342arepubliclyheld.Marketcapitalization,thetotalvalueofpubliclytradedbiotechcompaniesatmarketprices,was$224billionasofearlyMay2002.Thebiotechnologyindustryhasmorethantripledinsizesince1992,withrevenuesincreasingfrom$8billionin1992to$27.6billionin200
3、1.TheU.S.biotechindustryspent$15.6billiononresearchanddevelopmentin2001.http://www.bio.org/er/statistics.aspAntibioticsNewantibioticsthroughgeneticmodificationManyantibioticsthatwereoncehighlyeffectivearenowprovingtobeuselessasthedisease-causingmicroorganismsdevelopresi
4、stance.AntibioticsandantibioticresistanceAntibioticsarechemicalsproducednaturallybymicroorganismsintheenvironmentthatkill,orpreventthegrowthofothermicroorganisms.NewantibioticsAsoilbacterium–Streptomyces–isasourceofantibiotics,immunosuppressants,anti-cancerandanti-paras
5、iticagents,andnaturalherbicides.Itispossibletogeneratenewcompoundsbychangingtheblueprint–switchingsomeofthegenes,andthussomeoftheunits,around.http://www.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/exhibitions/bio-future/medbiotech.htmEnvironmentTransgenicfoodssuchaspapaya,soybeansandcornarealready
6、inthemarket.Hundredsofbiopesticidesandotheragriculturalproductsarebeingusedtoimprovethefoodsupplyandtoreduceourdependenceonconventionalchemicalpesticides.http://www.bio.org/er/statistics.aspReadytoenterthemarket:WheatinNorthDakotaAnimalHusbandryEnzymes,suchasamylasesand
7、proteases,arebeingaddedtoanimalfeedtosupplementtheanimals’ownenzymesandimprovedigestion.Mostanimalfeedstuffsareplant-derivedandcontain‘anti-nutritionalfactors’thatinterferewithdigestioninavarietyofways.Manyofthesefactorsarenon-starchpolysaccharides,fromcerealgrains.Addi
8、ngenzymes(beta-glucanasesandarabinoxylanase)tofeedstuffsincreasesthenutritionalvalueoffeedsbybreakingdownthese
