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1、MetaphorandMetonymyHelenaGaoLecture79Nov.,20051Requiredreadings:Yu,N.(2003).Chinesemetaphorsofthinking.CognitiveLinguistics,14(2/3),141–165Huang,S.F.(1994).ChineseasaMetonymicLanguage.InMathewY.ChenandOvidJ.-L..Tzeng.(eds.),InHonorofWilliamS-Y.Wang.Int
2、erdisciplinaryStudiesonLanguageandLanguageChange.223-252.Taipei:Pyramid.Recommendedreadings:Lakoff,G.,&Johnson,M.(1980).Metaphorsweliveby.Chapter1:Conceptsweliveby.pp.3-6;chapter8:Metonymy.pp.35-40;Chapter12:Howisourconceptualsystemgrounded?pp.56-60.Gr
3、ady,J.E.,Oakley,T.,&Coulson,S.(1999).BlendingandMetaphor.InG.Steen&R.Gibbs(eds.),Metaphorincognitivelinguistics,pp.101–124.Philadelphia:JohnBenjamins.2Ourconceptsstructurewhatwesee,howwegetaroundtheworld,andhowwerelatetootherpeople.Ourconceptualsystemt
4、husplaysacentralroleindefiningoureverydayrealities.AccordingtoLakoff&Johnson(1980)3AccordingtoLakoff&Johnson(1980)Ourconceptualsystemisnotsomethingwearenormallyawareof.4Sincecommunicationisbasedonthesameconceptualsystemthatweuseinthinkingandacting,lang
5、uageisanimportantsourceofevidenceforwhatthatsystemislike.AccordingtoLakoff&Johnson(1980)5ConceptualSystem-MetaphoricalinNaturePrimarilyonthebasisoflinguisticevidence,wehavefoundthatmostofourordinaryconceptualsystemismetaphoricalinnature.AccordingtoLako
6、ff&Johnson(1980)6MetaphorAmetaphoristheexpressionofanunderstandingofoneconceptintermsofanotherconcept,wherethereissomesimilarityorcorrelationbetweenthetwo.Ametaphoristheunderstandingitselfofoneconceptintermsofanother.7TheConceptofARGUMENTandtheConceptu
7、alMetaphorARGUMENTISWAR8ExamplesofAVerbalBattle:Yourclaimsareindefensible.Heattackedeveryweakpointinmyargument.Hiscriticismswererightontarget.Idemolishedhisargument.I’veneverwonanargumentwithhim.Youdisagree?Okay,shoot!Ifyouusethatstrategy,he’llwipeyouo
8、ut.Heshotdownallofmyarguments.(Lakoff&Johnson,1980)9Wetalkaboutargumentsthatwaybecauseweconceiveofthemthatway–andweactaccordingtothewayweconceiveofthings.Theessenceofmetaphorisunderstandingandexperiencingonekindofthingintermsofanother.A
