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1、红细胞无效输血临床输血若干问题一,重视红细胞无效输血研究节约血液二,减少/避免无效输血的措施三,临床输血的其它有关问题一,重视红细胞无效输血研究节约血液㈠重视红细胞输血效果,避免无效输血解决临床用血紧张的有力措施:一是扩大无偿献血队伍;二是重视红细胞输血效果,避免无效输血输血行业有两部经典著作1,临床输血P.L.Mollison.BloodTransfusioninClinicalMedicine2,输血技术AABB.TechnicalManual.㈢AABB.TechnicalManual.16ed.2008关于红细胞无效输血的论述⑴NoninfectiousComp
2、licationsofBloodTransfusion,723Whenlaboratoryevidenceofhemolysisisnotevident,demonstrationofdecreasedredcellsurvivalmayaidinthediagnosis.Serialhemoglobinlevelsmaybeadequate,orredcellsurvivalstudiesmayberequiredinmorecomplexcases.⑵NoninfectiousComplicationsofBloodTransfusion,739Insomecase
3、s,thehemolysisoccurswithoutcausingclinicalsymptoms.Thesepatientspresentwithunex-plainedanemiaordonotexperienceanincreaseinhemoglobinfollowingtransfusion.⑶PositiveDATandImmune-MediatedHemolysis,503Immune-mediatedhemolysisistheshorteningofredcellsurvivalbytheproduct(s)ofanimmuneresponse.If
4、themarrowisabletoadequatelycompensate,thereducedredcellsurvivalmaynotresultinanemia.⑷IdentificationofAntibodiestoRedCellAntigens,466Aclinicallysignificantredcellantibodyisdefinedasanantibodythatisfrequentlyassociatedwith…..hemolytictransfusionreactions,orwithanotabledecreaseinthesurvival
5、oftransfusedredcells.Thedegreeofclinicalsignificancevariesamongantibodieswiththesamespecificity;somecausedestructionofincompatibleredcellswithinhoursorevenminutes,whereasotherscauseadecreaseintheredcellsurvivalbyonlyafewdaysAABB技术手册在:多处,反复,明确→指出:有些病人,输血后没有溶血的临床体征,只表现为红细胞寿命缩短,Hb降低用中文来通俗形象
6、表达无效输血㈣RBC无效输血的回顾性临床调查红细胞无效输血诊断标准每次输红细胞≥3袋,无输血反应记录,无继续失血,无输液稀释,输血后24小时内复查,Hb升高不到预期值供者Hbg/L×输血量mlHb↑(g/L)=×90%患者血容量ml1.无效输血频率洛阳,调查3000例输血病例输血例量U无效(%)无效U省三甲17102327211(29)855市三甲214904699169(11.3)496县二甲2800283849(6.1)172合计30009094439(14.6)15232.无效输血的临床后果(1)浪费血源10%,惊人!(2)延误治疗(3)增加医疗费(血费、检验费,
7、其它……)二,减少/避免无效输血的措施(一)血型不合时输血,可能导致三种结果1,溶血性输血反应⑴急性溶血⑵迟发性溶血2,无效输血3,免疫应答→产生血型抗体㈡红细胞无效输血的慨念输血后24小时内Hb升高低于理论值:①排除继续失血,②排除输液稀释,③未发现临床溶血体征→视为无效输血㈢红细胞无效输血原因及机理1,发生无效输血的原因⑴免疫因素①稀有血型漏检,如ABO,Rh亚型漏检②不规则抗体和/或交叉配血漏检③自身抗体⑵非免疫因素①感染发热②非溶血性输血反应,如过敏③肝脾肿大⑶未知因素(待研究)2,无效输血的机理?⑴ABO亚型,RhD/其它血型的