embryology of the heart and the great vessels：的心脏和大血管的胚胎学

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1、EmbryologyoftheheartandthegreatvesselsDrGerritEngelbrechtDeptofRadiologyUFSESTABLISHMENTOFTHECARDIOGENICFIELDFORMATIONANDPOSITIONOFTHEHEARTTUBEFORMATIONOFTHECARDIACLOOPMOLECULARREGULATIONOFCARDIACDEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENTOFTHESINUSVENOSUSFORMATIONOFTHECARDIACSEPTAEFORMAT

2、IONOFTHECONDUCTINGSYSTEMOFTHEHEARTVASCULARDEVELOPMENTStepsintheembryologyofthevascularsystemESTABLISHMENTOFTHECARDIOGENICFIELDDorsalviewofalatepresomiteembryo(approximately18days)afterremovaloftheamnion.Prospectivemyoblastsandhemangioblastsresideinthesplanchnicmesoder

3、minfrontoftheneuralplateandoneachsideoftheembryoaftermigratingupfromtheprimitivestreakTransversesectionthroughasimilar-stagedembryotoshowthepositionofthebloodislandsinthesplanchnicmesodermlayer.Withtime,theislandsuniteandformahorseshoe-shapedendothelial-linedtubesurro

4、undedbymyoblasts.ThisregionisknownasthecardiogenicfieldInadditiontothecardiogenicregion,otherbloodislandsappearbilaterally,parallelandclosetothemidlineoftheembryonicshield.Theseislandsformapairoflongitudinalvessels,thedorsalaortae.223Cephalocaudalsectionthroughasimila

5、rstagedembryoshowingthepositionofthepericardialcavityandcardiogenicfield.FORMATIONANDPOSITIONOFTHEHEARTTUBE2processesresponsibleforpositioningoftheheartFoldingoftheembryoinacephalocaudaldirectionSimultanousfoldinglaterallyCephalocaudalfoldingFiguresshowingeffectsofthe

6、rapidgrowthofthebrainonpositioningoftheheart.Initiallythecardiogenicareaandthepericardialcavityareinfrontofthebuccopharyngealmembrane.A.18days.B.20days.C.21days.D.22daysLateralfoldingoftheembryoFormationofthecardiacloopBulbuscordisPrimitiveventricleTheprimitiveatriuma

7、ndsinusvenosusAbnormalitiesofcardiacloopingDextrocardia,inwhichtheheartliesontherightsideofthethoraxinsteadoftheleft,iscausedbecausetheheartloopstotheleftinsteadoftheright.DextrocardiamaycoincidewithsitusinversusMolecularregulationofcardiacdevelopmentDependentontheact

8、ivationoftwotranscriptionfactorsNKX2.5SpecifiescardiogenicfieldSeptationConductionsystemTBX5SeptationDevelopmentofthesinusve