unit 6 conversational structure

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1、ConversationalStructureIntroductiontoPragmaticsUnit6DiscourseanalysisversusconversationanalysisDiscourseanalysis(DA)employsboththemethodologyandthekindsoftheoreticalprinciplesandprimitiveconceptstypicaloflinguistics.Conversationanalysis(CA)isanempiricalapproachwhichav

2、oidsprematuretheoryconstruction.DAtheoristsaccuseCApractitionersofbeinginexplicitaboutthetheoriesandconceptualcategoriestheyareactuallyemployinginanalysis.CApractitionersthinkthatDAtheoristsaresobusywithprematureformalizationthattheypaylittleattentiontothenatureofthed

3、ata.ConversationAnalysisConversationAnalysiswasdevelopedinthelate1960sandearly1970sprincipallybythesociologistHarveySacksandhiscloseassociatesEmanuelSchegloffandGailJefferson.Theypublishedtheirpaper“Asimplestsystematicsfortheorganizationforturn-takingforconversation”i

4、n1974.BackgroundEthnomethodologyisanethnographicapproachto sociologicalinquiry introducedbytheAmericansociologist HaroldGarfinkel (1917–2011).“Ethno” referstomembersofasocialorculturalgroup.It’sresearchinterestisthestudyoftheeverydaymethodspeopleusefortheproductionofs

5、ocialorder.It’sgoalistodocumentthemethodsandpracticesthroughwhichsociety’smembersmakesenseoftheirworld.MethodThedatacollectedforConversationAnalysisisintheformofvideooraudiorecordedconversations.Thedataiscollectedwithoutresearchers'involvement,oftensimplybyaddingavide

6、ocameratotheroomwheretheconversationtakesplace.Fromtheaudioorvideorecordingtheresearchersconstructadetailedtranscription.Then,theresearchersperforminductivedata-drivenanalysisaimingtofindrecurringpatternsofinteraction.Basedontheanalysis,theresearchersdeveloparuleormod

7、eltoexplaintheoccurrenceofthepatterns.TurntakingTurn(话轮)isthechancetospeak.Floor(话语权)istherighttoownaturn.Whenthespeakerfinisheshis/herturn,thelistenerwilltakeoverthefloor,andstartanewturn.Thisisrealizedonaturn-by-turnbasis,thereforeiscalledturn-taking.Turnsarenotpre-

8、allocated,butlocallymanaged.Turn-takingprovidesfortheorderlytransferoftalkbetweentwoormorespeakers.Sizeofturnsisvariablebutt