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1、LaboratoryDiagnosis1CategoryofSampleBlood,Urine,Stool,nasalwashing,nasalswab,throatswab,saliva,sputum,rectalswab,vesiclefluid(scrapingorswab),tissue,brainbiopsy,cerebrospinalfluid,etal.2LaboratoryDiagnosisMicroscopyIdentificationVirusisolationandidentificationDetectionofviralproteins(antigensandenzy
2、mes)]DetectionofviralgeneticmaterialSerologicprocedures3MicroscopyIdentificationLightmicroscopyFluorescentmicroscopyElectronmicroscopy4LightmicroscopyCharacteristicCPEInclusionBodies5CelldeathCellroundingDegenerationAggregationLossofattachmentstosubstrateCharacteristichistologicalchanges:inclusionbo
3、diesinthenucleusorcytoplasm,marginationofchromatinSyncytia:multinucleatedgiantcellscausedbyvirus-inducedcell-cellfusion6FluorescentmicroscopyFluorescent-antibodystaining7ElectronmicroscopyDirectdetection:Humanrotavirus;HAV;HBV;Smallpoxvirus;Herpesvirus.ImmuneElectronmicroscopy:Humanrotavirus;HAV;8La
4、boratoryDiagnosisMicroscopyIdentificationVirusisolationandidentificationDetectionofviralproteins(antigensandenzymes)]DetectionofviralgeneticmaterialSerologicprocedures9ViralisolationandIdentificationViralGrowthandCellcultureViralDetectionViralIdentificationInterpretationofcultureresults10Systemsfort
5、hePropagationofVirusesPeopleAnimals:cows,chickens,mice,rats,sucklingmiceEmbryonatedeggsOrganandtissuecultureOrganculturePrimarytissuecultureCelllines:diploidTumoror（immortalized）cellline11ViraldetectionCPEHemadsorptionInterfereMetabolizeofcell12TCID50 (Tissuecultureinfectivedose)TCID50isdefinedastha
6、tdilutionofviruswhichwillcauseCPEin50%ofagivenbatchofcellcultureTCID50=log10ofhighestdilutiongiving100%CPE+1/2–(totalnumberoftestunitsshowingCPE)/(numberoftestunitsperdilution)13ViralidentificationComplementfixation：HemagglutinationinhibitionNeutralizationImmunofluorescence(directorindirect)Latexagg
7、lutinationInsituEIAELISARIA(radioimmuno14LaboratoryDiagnosisMicroscopyIdentificationVirusisolationandidentificationDetectionofviralproteins(antigensandenzymes)DetectionofviralgeneticmaterialSerologicp
