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1、1.外来词分为四类：1Denizens,cupfromcuppa,portformportus2)Aliensgarage,décor3)Translation–loanse.g.longtimenosee4)Semantic-loans.e.g.dream.2.Motivation分类：onomatopoeicmotivation,morphologicalmotivation,semanticmotivation,etymologicalmotivation.Typesofmeaning:grammatical~&lexical~;conceptual
2、~&associative~(connotative~,stylistic~,affective~,collocative~,)多义关系及两种研究方法:Polysemyisacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturallanguagethatonewordhastwoormoresensesormeanings.Diachronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudieshowawordderiveditsdifferentmeaningsfromitsprimarymeaninginthe
3、courseoftime.3.Synchronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudiesthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.4.Primarymeaningistheonlymeaningthatawordhadwhenitwasfirstcreated.5.Derivedmeaningsarethemeaningsthatawordgetsfromtheprimarymeaningatdiff
4、erentstagesofitsdevelopmentinthecourseoftime.6.同形同音异义关系Homonymyisoneofthefeaturesofwordsthatawordisdifferentinmeaningfromanother,buteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspellingwiththeotherHomonymsgenerallyfallintothreeclasses:perfecthomonyms(samename);homo
5、graphs(samespelling)andhomophones（somesound）.Perfecthomonymsarethosewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning,e.g.bear/bea/(n)alargeheavyanimal;bear/bea/(v)toputupwith.Homographsarethewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning,e.g.saw//(v)toscatters
6、eeds;sow/sau/(n)femaleadultpig.Homophonesrefertothewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning,e.g.dear/dia/(n)alovedperson;deer/dia/(n)akindofanimal.7.同形同音异义词与多义词的区别Perfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefullyidenticalwithregardtospellingandpronunciation.Thiscreatestheprob
7、lemofdifferentiation.Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenhomonymsandpolysemantsliesinthefactthattheformerreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandthelatteristheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology,i.e.homonymsarefr
8、omdifferentsourceswhereasapolysem
