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第一单元：环境科学的定义：Environment(fromtheFrenchenvironner:toencircleorsurround)canbedefinedas(1)thecircumstanceorconditionsthatsurroundanorganismorgroupoforganisms,or(2)thecomplexofsocialorculturalconditionsthataffectanindividualorcommunity.(环境(从法国environner:环绕或包围)可以被定义为(1)周围环境或条件有机体或一组生物,或(2)复杂的社会或文化环境影响个人或社区。)Environmentalscience,then,isthesystematicstudyofourenvironmentandourproperplaceinit.(环境科学,是我们的环境和我们的系统研究合适的位置。)Thestudyofhumansocialdevelopmentactivitiesandenvironmentalevolution,theinteractionrelationshipbetweenseekingco-evolutionofhumansocietyandenvironmentandsustainabledevelopmentwayandthemethodofscience.(环境科学是一门研究人类社会发展活动与环境演化规律之间相互作用关系，寻求人类社会与环境协同演化、持续发展途径与方法的的科学。)AsdistinguishedeconomistBarbaraWardpointsout,foranincreasingnumberofenvironmentalissues,thedifficultyisnottoidentifyremedies,remediesarenowwellunderstood.（作为杰出的经济学家芭芭拉·沃德指出,越来越多的环境问题,困难并不是确定补救措施,补救措施现在很好理解。)Perhapsthemostamazingfeatureofourplanetistherichdiversityoflifethatexistshere.(也许最惊人的特点我们的星球是生活的丰富多样性存在。) Whiletherearemanythingstoappreciateandcelebrateabouttheworldonwhichwelive,manypressingenvironmentalproblemscryoutforoutattention.Humanpopulationshavegrownatalarmingratesinthiscentury.Nearly6000millionpeoplenowoccupytheearthandweareadding100millionmoreeachyear.Inthenextdecade,ournumberswillincreasebynearlyasmanyasarenowaliveinChina.Mostofthegrowthwillbeinthepoorercountrieswhereresourcesandservicesarealreadystrainedbypresentpopulations.(虽然有很多事情要欣赏和庆祝我们生活的这个世界,许多紧迫的环境问题迫切需要关注。本世纪人类以惊人的速度增长。近60亿人占领地球,我们现在每年增加1亿多。在未来十年,我们的数量将增加近现在在中国活着。大部分的增长将在贫穷国家资源和服务已经紧张的人群。)Somedemographersbelievethatthisunprecedentedgrowthratewillslowinthecenturyandthatthepopulationmighteventuallydropbackbelowitspresentsize.一些人口统计学家认为,这一前所未有的增长速度将放缓的世纪,人口可能最终回落低于目前的规模。Foodshortagesandfaminesalreadyaretoofamiliarinmanyplacesandmayincreaseinfrequencyandseverityifpopulationgrowth,soilerosion,andnutrientdepletioncontinueatthesamerateinthefutureastheyhaveinthepast.粮食短缺和饥荒已经太熟悉的在很多地方,可能增加的频率和严重程度如果人口增长,土壤侵蚀和养分耗竭继续以同样的速度在未来,因为他们过去Waterdeficitsandcontaminationofexistingwatersuppliesthreatentobecriticalenvironmentalissuesinthefutureforagriculturalproductionaswellasfordomesticandindustrialuse.水赤字和现有水源的污染可能是至关重要的环境问题在未来农业生产以及国内和工业使用Howweobtainanduseenergyislikelytoplayacrucialroleinourenvironmentalfuture.Fossilfuels(oil,coal,andnaturalgas)presentlysupplyabout80%oftheenergyusedinindustrializedcountries.Suppliesofthesefuelsarediminishingatanalarmingrateandproblemsassociatedwiththeiracquisitionanduse-airandwaterpollution,miningdamage, shippingaccidents,andpoliticalinsecurity-maylimitwhereandhowweuseremainingreserves.Cleanerrenewableenergyresources-solarpower,wind,andbiomass-togetherwithconservation,mayreplaceenvironmentallydestructiveenergysourcesifweinvestinappropriatetechnologyinthenextfewyears.我们如何获得和使用能源很可能起到至关重要的作用在我们的环境的未来。化石燃料(石油、煤炭和天然气)目前供应约80%的能源用于工业化国家。这些燃料的供应以惊人的速度递减和问题相关的收购和use-air和水污染,采矿破坏,运输事故,和政治insecurity-may限制,以及我们如何使用剩余的储备。清洁可再生能源resources-solar力量,风,和biomass-together保护,可能取代对环境破坏性的能源,如果我们投资于适当的技术在未来几年。Thisandothersimilarlyseriousproblemsillustratetheimportanceofenvironmentalscienceandenvironmentaleducationforeveryone.Whatwearedoingtoourworld,andwhatthatmanymeanforourfutureandthatofourchildrenisparamountconcernasweenterthetwenty-fistcentury.这和其他同样严重的问题说明了环境科学和环境教育的重要性。我们正在做我们的世界,许多对我们的未来意味着什么,我们的孩子是最重要的问题,当我们进入twenty-fist世纪。第二单元Alltoooften,overpopulationisthoughtofsimplyascrowding:toomanypeopleinagivenarea,toohighapopulationdensity.人口过剩是常常认为仅仅是拥挤:太多的人在一个给定的地区,人口密度过高。Therewouldbearapidagingoftheworld’spopulation.Inthepast,themedianagefortheworld’spopulationhasbeenbetween20and25years.会有一个迅速老龄化的世界人口。在过去,世界人口的平均年龄20到25年。Populationgrowthisattherootofvirtuallyallenvironmentproblems,includingpollutionandresourcesdepletion,andindirectsocialdisruptions.人口增长是几乎所有环境问题的根源,包括污染和资源消耗,和间接的社会混乱。 Populationgrownwouldhavetobestopped;familyplanningandlimitedeconomicaldevelopmentarewaystobringthehumanpopulationbackinliner.人口增长必须停止;计划生育和有限的经济发展方式将人口班轮。Tobeeffective,programsinsuchcountriesmusttakeintoaccounttheeffectsofreligiousbeliefs,psychologicalfactors,andeducationallevels.有效,项目在这些国家必须考虑宗教信仰的影响,心理因素和教育水平。第四单元Erosionisanimportantnaturalprocess,resultingintheredistributionoftheproductsofgeologicweathering,andispartofbothsoilformationandsoilloss.侵蚀是一种重要的自然过程,导致地质风化的产物的再分配,和是土壤形成和土壤流失的一部分Insomeplace,erosionoccurssorapidlythatanyonecanseeithappen.在一些地方,侵蚀发生如此迅速,任何人都可以看到它发生。Windandwaterarethemainagentsthatmovesoilaround.Thin,uniformlayersofsoilarepeeledoffthelandsurfaceinaprocesscalledsheeterosion.风和水是主要的代理移动周围的土壤。薄,均匀土壤的层剥落的地表过程称为表面侵蚀。Windcanequalorexceedwaterinerosionforce,especiallyinadryclimateandonrelativelyflatland.风可以等于或超过水的侵蚀力,特别是在干燥的气候和相对平坦的土地上。Althoughdataonsoilconditionandsoilerosionintheworldarenotcompleteanddifficulttoaccess,itisevidentthatmanyplaceshaveverysevereproblems.尽管世界上土壤条件和土壤侵蚀数据不完整,难以访问,很明显,许多地方有很严重的问题名词解释：生物多样性是指在一定时间和一定地区所有生物（动物、植物、微生物）物种及其遗传变异和生态系统的复杂性总称。它包括基因多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性三个层次。（Biodiversityistoallcreaturesinacertaintimeandcertainareas(animals,plants,microorganisms)speciesandtheirgeneticvariationandthecomplexityoftheecosystem.Itincludesgeneticdiversity,speciesdiversityandecosystemdiversityinthreelevels.）臭氧空洞：臭氧空洞指的是因空气污染物质，特别是氧化氮和卤化代烃等气溶胶污染物的扩散、侵蚀而造成大气臭氧层被破坏和减少的现象。（Ozoneholeisduetoairpollution,especiallythenitrogenoxideandhalogenatedhydrocarbongenerationof aerosolpollutantssuchasdiffusion,erosioncausedbytheatmosphericozonelayerdestructionandreducethephenomenon.）土壤侵蚀：土壤侵蚀是指土壤及其母质在水力、风力、冻融或重力等外营力作用下，被破坏、剥蚀、搬运和沉积的过程。（Soilerosionissoilanditsparentmaterialinthehydro,wind,freezingandthawingorbattalionforceundertheactionofgravitythereof,aredestroyed,erosion,transportationanddepositionprocess）酸雨；酸雨正式的名称是为酸性沉降，它可分为“湿沉降”与“干沉降”两大类，前者指的是所有气状污染物或粒状污染物，随着雨、雪、雾或雹等降水型态而落到地面者，后者则是指在不下雨的日子，从空中降下来的落尘所带的酸性物质而言。Acidrainisthenameofformalforacidicdeposition,itcanbedividedinto"wetsettlement"and"dryfall"twocategories,theformerreferstoallorparticulatepollutantsandgaseouspollutants,suchasrain,snow,fogorhailprecipitationpatternsandfelltotheground,thelatterreferstotheday,itdoesn'traininthefalloutcamedownfromtheairwithacid.环境容量：环境容量是指某一环境区域内对人类活动造成影响的最大容纳量。Environmentalcapacityistopointtoaparticularenvironmentaffecthumanactivitieswithintheregion'slargestaccomodation可持续发展：可持续发展，系指满足当前需要而又不削弱子孙后代满足其需要之能力的发展。可持续发展还意味着维护、合理使用并且提高自然资源基础，这种基础支撑着生态抗压力及经济的增长。Sustainabledevelopmentreferstomeetthecurrentneedsandnotweakenthedevelopmentoftheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirneeds.Alsomeanstomaintainsustainabledevelopment,thereasonableuseandimprovethenaturalresourcebase,thebasetosupporttheecologicalpressureandeconomicgrowth细颗粒物：细颗粒物指环境空气中空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5微米的颗粒物，也称PM2.5、可入肺颗粒物。Fineparticulatematterreferstotheenvironmentintheairairdynamicsequivalentdiameterlessthanorequalto2.5micronparticles,alsoknownasPM2.5,whichcangodirectlytothealveoli温室效应：温室效应是指大气能使太阳短波辐射到达地面，但地表向外放出的长波热辐射线却被大气吸收，这样就使地表与低层大气温度增高，因其作用类似于栽培农作物的温室。Greenhouseeffectreferstotheatmospherecanmakethesunshortwaveradiationtotheground,butthesurfacetoemitlongwaveradiationline wasatmosphericabsorption,itmakestheearth'ssurfaceandloweratmospheretemperatureincreases,becauseofitsroleissimilartothecultivationofcropsingreenhouse资源空间；
