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1、EssentialsofplanningandmanagingbyobjectivesDefinitionofPlanningPlanninginvolvesselectingmissionsandobjectivesandtheactionstoachievethem;itrequiresdecisionmaking,thatis,choosingfromamongalternativefuturecoursesofaction.FunctionofPlanningandcontrollingPlanningbridges
2、thegapfromwherewearetowherewewanttogo.PlanningandcontrollingareinseparableControllingistocompareplanswithresultsTypesofplanningPlanscanbeclassifiedas:(1)missionorpurposes(2)objectivesorgoals(3)strategies(4)policies(5)procedures(6)rules(7)programs(8)budgets1.Themiss
3、ion,orpurpose,identifiesthebasicpurposeorfunctionortasksofanenterpriseoragencyoranypartofit2.Objectives,orgoals,aretheendstowardwhichactivityisaimed3.Strategyisthedeterminationofthebasiclong-termobjectivesofanenterpriseandtheadoptionofcoursesofactionandallocationof
4、resourcesnecessarytoachievethesegoals4.Policiesaregeneralstatementsorunderstandingsthatguideorchannelthinkingindecisionmaking5.Proceduresareplansthatestablisharequiredmethodofhandlingfutureactivities6.Rulesspelloutspecificrequiredactionsornonactions,allowingnodiscr
5、etion7.Programsareacomplexofgoals,policies,procedures,rules,taskassignments,stepstobetaken,resourcestobeemployed,andotherelementsnecessarytocarryoutagivencourseofaction8.AbudgetisastatementofexpectedresultsexpressedinnumericaltermsStepsofplanning1.BeingAwareofOppor
6、tunities•Beingawareofopportunities–realisticdiagnosisoftheopportunitysituation.•Inexternalenvironment•Withintheorganization52.EstablishingObjectivesorGoals•fortheentireenterpriseandthenforeachsubordinateworkunit,forthelongaswellastheshortterm.3.DevelopingPremises•a
7、ssumptionsabouttheenvironmentinwhichtheplanistobecarriedout(Examples:forecasts,basicpolicies,existingcompanyplans)Principleofplanningpremises:Themorethoroughlyindividualschargedwithplanningunderstandandagreetoutilizeconsistentplanningpremises,themorecoordinatedente
8、rpriseplanningwillbe.4.DeterminingAlternativeCourses•Tosearchforandexaminealternativecoursesofaction,especiallythosenotimmediatelyapparent5.Evalu
