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1、第一章绪论1.whyislanguagenotentirelyarbitrary?Becausetherearewordsineverylanguagethatimitatenaturalsounds,suchascrash,banginEnglish.besides,somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.thesewordscannotbemadefreely.2.whyislanguageculturallytransmittedandwhyareanimalcallsystemgeneticallytransmitted
2、?Becausethedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedanew.itispassedonfromonegenerationtoanotherthroughteachingandlearningratherthanbyinstinct.incontrast,animalsarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies,soanimalscallsystemareg
3、eneticallytransmitted.3.languagehasthedesignfeatureofduality.why?Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageissystem,whichconsistsofftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless.Atthehigherlevel,the
4、unitscanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.4.whyisproductivityuniquetolanguage?Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalbyitsusers.Theuserscansendmessagewhichnooneelsehaseversentbefore.5.whatdoesthedisplacementfeatureof
5、languagemean?Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfutureorinfar-awayplaces.inotherwordslanguagecanbeusedtorefercontextremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeakers.6.howisthemodernlinguisticsdifferfromtradit
6、ionalgrammar?Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.traditionalgrammarisprescriptive,itisbasedonhighwrittenlanguage.itsetsmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.butmodernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedata.Itissupposedtobescientificandobje
7、ctiveandthetaskoflinguisticsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritiscorrectornot.7.what’sthedistinctionbetweensynchronicstudyandadiachronic’sstudy?Languageexistsintimeandchangestroughtime.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointinti
