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1、SuperconductivityJ.R.SchriefferFloridaStateUniversity,Tallahassee,Florida32306-1096M.TinkhamHarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts02138Thehistoryofsuperconductivityisreviewed,beginningwithitsdiscoveryin1911.Varioustheoreticalapproachesarediscussedandarecomparedwithexperiment.[S0034-6861(99)01602
2、-5]I.DISCOVERYANDEARLYHISTORYlineardifferentialequation,sothatitcouldvarywithpositionand®eldstrength,inadditiontothetempera-Superconductivitywasdiscoveredin1911byH.Ka-turedependenceofnsintheLondonpicture.Forex-merlinghOnnes(1911)inLeidenjustthreeyearsafterample,itprovidedanaturaldescriptionforthein
3、terfacehe®rstliqui®edhelium,whichmadesuf®cientlylowbetweennormalandsuperconductingphasesinthepres-temperaturesavailable.Whathefoundwasthattheenceofacriticalmagnetic®eldHc.Thistheorywaselectricalresistanceofsomemetals,suchaslead,mer-latershownbyGor'kov(1959)tobealimitingcaseoftheBCS(Bardeen,Cooper,a
4、ndSchrieffer,1957a,cury,tin,andaluminum,disappearedcompletelyina1957b)theoryandremainstodayasthestandardinitialnarrowtemperaturerangeatacriticaltemperatureTcapproachtoproblemswithaspatiallyvaryingsupercon-(typicallyafewKelvin)speci®ctoeachmetal.Twenty-ductingstate.twoyearslater,MeissnerandOchsenfel
5、d(1933)discov-Aidedbywartimedevelopmentsinhigh-frequencyeredthatthesesuperconductorswereperfectlydiamag-technology,Pippardwasabletomakeveryprecisemea-netic(the``Meissnereffect'')aswellasperfectlysurementsoflLtocomparewithEq.(2),usingparam-conducting.Theseremarkablepropertieswereneatlyetersdetermine
6、dfromsimilarmeasurementsoftheskindescribedbythephenomenologicaltheoryofF.andH.depthinthenormalstate.Hefoundthat,evenatTLondon(1935).Theirmodelpostulatedadensityof``su-'0,the®ttedvalueofnswaslessthanthedensityofperconductingelectrons''nsperunitvolume,whosere-conductionelectronsinthenormalstate,byara
7、tiothatsponsetoelectromagnetic®eldscouldbedescribedbywaslargerforlow-TcmaterialslikeAl(Tc'1K)thanJ52~c/4pl2!A(1)formetalslikePb(Tc'7K).BuildingonChambers'sLequationfortheanomalousskineffectinnormalmetals,(w
