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1、CosmologyatthemillenniumMichaelS.TurnerDepartmentofAstronomy&AstrophysicsandDepartmentofPhysics,EnricoFermiInstitute,TheUniversityofChicago,Chicago,Illinois60637-1433andNASA/FermilabAstrophysicsCenter,FermiNationalAcceleratorLaboratory,Batavia,Illinois60510-0500J.AnthonyTysonBellLabs,Luc
2、entTechnologies,MurrayHill,NewJersey07974Onehundredyearsagowedidnotknowhowstarsgenerateenergy,theageoftheUniversewasthoughttobeonlymillionsofyears,andourMilkyWaygalaxywastheonlygalaxyknown.Today,weknowthatweliveinanevolvingandexpandinguniversecomprisingbillionsofgalaxies,allheldtogetherb
3、ydarkmatter.Withthehotbig-bangmodelwecantracetheevolutionoftheUniversefromthehotsoupofquarksandleptonsthatexistedafractionofasecondafterthebeginning,totheformationofgalaxiesafewbillionyearslater,and®nallytotheUniverseweseetoday13billionyearsafterthebigbang,withitsclustersofgalaxies,super
4、clusters,voids,andgreatwalls.Theattractiveforceofgravityactingontinyprimevalinhomogeneitiesinthedistributionofmattergaverisetoallthestructureseentoday.AparadigmbasedupondeepconnectionsbetweencosmologyandelementaryparticlephysicsÐin¯ation1colddarkmatterÐholdsthepromiseofextendingourunders
5、tandingtoanevenmorefundamentallevelandmuchearliertimes,aswellassheddinglightontheuni®cationoftheforcesandparticlesofNature.Asweenterthe21stcentury,a¯oodofobservationsistestingthisparadigm.[S0034-6861(99)03102-5]DEDICATIONofGeneralRelativityandsupplementedbytheafore-Thisarticleisdedicated
6、tothememoryofagreatcos-mentionedmicrophysics,providesourquantitativeun-mologistandaverydearfriend,DavidN.Schramm,derstandingoftheevolutionoftheUniversefromafrac-who,hadhenotdiedtragicallyinaplanecrash,wouldtionasecondafterthebeginningtothepresent,some13havebeenaco-authorofthisreview.bill
7、ionyearslater.Itissosuccessfulthatformorethanadecadeithasbeencalledthestandardcosmology(see,e.g.,Weinberg,1972).I.INTRODUCTIONBeyondourcurrentunderstanding,wearestrivingtoanswerfundamentalquestionsandtestboldideasbasedOnehundredyearsago,wedidnotknowhowstarsontheconnection
