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1、CosmologyStevenWeinbergUniversityofTexasatAustin13GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DPOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypublishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAuckla
2、ndCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineV
3、ietnamOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork©StevenWeinberg2008ThemoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)©Firstpublis
4、hed2008Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrigh
5、tsorganization.EnquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCataloguin
6、ginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataDataavailableTypesetbyNewgenImagingSystems(P)Ltd.,Chennai,IndiaPrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyBiddlesLtd.,King’sLynn,NorfolkISBN978–0–19–852682–710987654321ToLouise,Elizabeth,andGab
7、rielleThispageintentionallyleftblankPrefaceResearchincosmologyhasbecomeextraordinarilylivelyinthepastquartercentury.Intheearly1980stheproposalofthetheoryofinflationofferedasolutiontosomeoutstandingcosmologicalpuzzlesandprovidedamechanismfortheoriginoflarge-scalestr
8、ucture,whichcouldbetestedbyobservationsofanisotropiesinthecosmicmicrowavebackground.November1989sawthelaunchoftheCosmicBackgroundExplorerSatellite.Measu
