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1、P1:FLFVoluntas[voluntas]PL170-56March22,200010:25StylefileversionNov.19th,1999Voluntas:InternationalJournalofVoluntaryandNonprofitOrganizations,Vol.11,No.1,2000AThirdSectorintheThirdMillennium?RalphM.Kramer1;2Threetrendssincethe1960sunderscoretheneedfordifferentwaysofconceptu-alizingthenewmix
2、edeconomyinthehumanservices.First,therehasbeenanenormousincreaseinthenumberandtypesofnonprofitorganizations,andgreaterdependenceongovernmentalrevenue.Second,extensivegrowthinprivatizationandcommercializationinthehumanservices.Third,thisculminatedinthecon-vergenceandblurringofsectoralboundari
3、es.Numerousmetaphorshavebeensuggestedtodescribethesenewpatterns,butmoresuitableconceptsandtheoriesareneeded.Fourtheoreticalframeworksareanalyzedforanintersectoralstudyoforganizationsinthesameindustry:(1)politicaleconomy,(2)organizationalecol-ogy,(3)neoinstitutionalism,and(4)mixed,opensystem
4、s.Asanalyticparadigms,theseframeworkscouldsupplement,complement,orbeintegratedwithotherre-searchmodelsforthirdsectorstudies,andcouldcontributetotheorybuildingandsocialpolicy.KEYWORDS:sectoralconvergence;researchmodels;formofownership.INTRODUCTIONTwocontrastingtheoreticalperspectivesonthenon
5、profitsectorhaveemergedintheUnitedStates.Thedominantperspectiveemphasizestherapidinstitutional-izationofathirdsectorastheprimarypartnerwithgovernmentinthefollowing:(1)provisionofhumanservices,(2)promotionofcultureandthearts,and(3)ad-vocateandcoreofthecivilsociety.Asecond,lesswell-knownviewqu
6、estionstheutilityofasectoralmodelbasedonformofownershipbecauseitoverlookstheblurringofboundariesandtheextensiveinterdependenceamongorganizations.However,atthesametime,appropriateconceptsandmodelsforthedescriptionandexplanationoftheseprocessesaremissing.1SchoolofSocialWelfare,UniversityofCal
7、ifornia,Berkeley,California.2CorrespondenceshouldbedirectedtoRalphM.Kramer,62YorkDrive,Piedmont,CA,94611;email:ralphk1@socrates.berkeley.edu.10957-8765/00/0300-0001$18.00/1°C2000InternationalSocietyforThird-SectorResearchandTheJohnsHopkinsUniversityP1:FL
