introduction to molecular genetics and geonomics - hearts

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1、CHAPTER1IntroductiontoMolecularGeneticsandGenomicsCHAPTEROUTLINEPRINCIPLES1.1DNA:TheGeneticMaterial•Inheritedtraitsareaffectedbygenes.ExperimentalProofoftheGenetic•GenesarecomposedofthechemicaldeoxyribonucleicacidFunctionofDNAGeneticRoleofDNAin(DNA).Bacterioph

2、age•DNAreplicatestoformcopiesofitselfthatareidentical1.2DNAStructure:TheDoubleHelix(exceptforraremutations).1.3AnOverviewofDNAReplication•DNAcontainsageneticcodespecifyingwhattypesofenzymesandotherproteinsaremadeincells.1.4GenesandProteinsInbornErrorsofMetabol

3、ismasa•DNAoccasionallymutates,andthemutantformsspecifyCauseofHereditaryDiseasealteredproteinsthathavereducedactivityorstability.MutantGenesandDefectiveProteins•Amutantenzymeisan“inbornerrorofmetabolism”that1.5GeneExpression:TheCentralDogmablocksonestepinabioch

4、emicalpathwayforthemetabolismTranscriptionofsmallmolecules.TranslationTheGeneticCode•Traitsareaffectedbyenvironmentaswellasbygenes.1.6Mutation•OrganismschangegeneticallythroughgenerationsintheProteinFoldingandStabilityprocessofbiologicalevolution.1.7GenesandEn

5、vironment1.8Evolution:FromGenestoGenomes,fromProteinstoProteomesTheMolecularUnityofLifeCONNECTIONSNaturalSelectionandDiversityShearMadnessAlfredD.HersheyandMarthaChase1952IndependentFunctionsofViralProteinandNucleicAcidinGrowthofBacteriophageTheBlackUrineDisea

6、seArchibaldE.Garrod1908InbornErrorsofMetabolism1achspeciesoflivingorganismhasatermsoftheabstractrulesbywhichheredi-uniquesetofinheritedcharacteristicstaryelements(hecalledthem“factors”)areEthatmakesitdifferentfromothertransmittedfromparentstooffspring.Hisspeci

7、es.Eachspecieshasitsowndevelop-objectsofstudyweregardenpeas,withmentalplan—oftendescribedasasortofvariabletraitslikepeacolorandplant“blueprint”forbuildingtheorganism—height.Atonetimegeneticscouldbestud-whichisencodedintheDNAmoleculespre-iedonlythroughtheprogen

8、yproducedsentinitscells.Thisdevelopmentalplanfrommatings.Geneticdifferencesbetweendeterminesthecharacteristicsthatarein-specieswereimpossibletodefine,becauseherited.Becauseorganisms