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1、HistoryofModernGeneticsinGermanyFriederikeHammarInstituteforPhysiologicalChemistry,Johannes-Gutenberg-University,55099Mainz,Germany,e-mail:hammar@mail.uni-mainz.deThehistoryofmoderngeneticsinGermanyduringthe20thcenturyisastoryofmissedchances.IntheUSAthegeneticrevo
2、lutionopenedafascinatingnewfieldforambitiousscien-tistsandcreatedarapidlygrowingnewindustry.MeanwhileGermanystoodaside,combatingwithpoliticalandsocialrestrictions.PromisingyoungscientistswhowantedtoworkinthefieldleftGermanyfortheUS,andbigcompaniesmovedtheirfacilit
3、iesoutofthecountry.Upuntilthemiddleofthe1990smolecularbiologyinGermanyremaineda“sleepingbeauty”eventhoughmanybrilliantscientistsdidtheirjobsverywell.Thenasomewhatfunnyideachangedeverything:theGermanministerforeducationandscienceproclaimedtheBioRegiocontestinordert
4、oawardthemostpowerfulbiotechnologyregioninGermanyconcerningacademiaandespeciallyindustry.SincethenGermany’sbiotechnologyindustryhasgrownconstantlyandrapidlyduetothefoundationofanumberofsmallbiotechcompanies;bigcompanieshavere-turnedtheirinterestsandtheirinvestment
5、stoGermany,paralleledbyanimprovementinaca-demicresearchbecauseofmorefundingandbettersupportespeciallyforyoungerscientists.Inrespecttobiotechnologyandmolecularbiology,Germanyisstilladevelopingcountry,butithasstartedtomoveandtotakeitschancesinanexcitingglobalcompeti
6、tion.Keywords.History,Moleculargenetics,Biotechindustry,Genomics,Proteomics1Introduction..............................21.1TheBirthofModernGenetics.....................21.2MolecularGeneticsGrowsUp.....................41.3SequencingtheHumanGenome...................5
7、1.4TheMaxPlanckSociety........................62The1970s:The‘FirstGeneticRevolution’–andGermany?.....82.1TheMaxDelbrückCenterinBerlin-Buch..............92.2TheGermanCenterforCancerResearchinHeidelberg......102.3TheEuropeanMolecularBiologyLaboratoryinHeidelberg....
8、103The1980s:MolecularGeneticsStrugglingAgainstPoliticalForces113.1HoechstandInsulin–ANever-EndingStory............124The1990s:ANewBeginning–‘TheSecondGe
