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1、BiophysicsThisPageIntentionallyLeftBlankBiophysicsVasanthaPattabhiN.GauthamDepartmentofCrystallography&BiophysicsUniversityofMadras,GuindyCampusChennai,IndiaKLUWERACADEMICPUBLISHERSNEWYORK,BOSTON,DORDRECHT,LONDON,MOSCOWNarosaPublishingHouseDELHICHENNAIM
2、UMBAIKOLKATAeBookISBN:0-306-47520-0PrintISBN:1-4020-0218-1©2002KluwerAcademicPublishersNewYork,Boston,Dordrecht,London,MoscowPrint©2002KluwerAcademicPublishersDordrechtAllrightsreservedNopartofthiseBookmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,e
3、lectronic,mechanical,recording,orotherwise,withoutwrittenconsentfromthePublisherCreatedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaVisitKluwerOnlineat:http://kluweronline.comandKluwer'seBookstoreat:http://ebooks.kluweronline.comThisbookisdedicatedtoProfessorG.N.Ramachand
4、ran,F.R.S.whocontinuestoinspiregenerationsofbiophysicistsWisdomgraspsthetruthofwhateverandbywhomeversaid.Kural423ThisPageIntentionallyLeftBlankPrefaceTheinitiationofbiophysicsinIndiaissynonymouswiththestartingoftheDepartmentofCrystallographyandBiophysic
5、sattheUniversityofMadras,in1953,undertheleadershipofProfessorG.N.Ramachandran.Eventoday,nearlyhalf-centurylater,thereareonlyahandfulofUniversitiesinthecountrywhichhavefull-fledgedbiophysicsdepartments.However,mostlifesciencecurriculainthecountrynowcompr
6、iseacourseinbiophysics,owingtoitsincreasingimportanceandrelevancetothestudyofanybiologicalsystem.Thisbookhasbeenwrittentofillalong-standinglacunaoftextbooksinbiophysics,suitableforstudentsattheseniorundergraduateandpostgraduatelevelinvariousbiologicaldi
7、sciplines,suchasbiochemistry,molecularbiologyandevenmedicine.Biophysicsisaninterdisciplinarysubject,anditstreatmentvarieswiththebackgroundofboththeauthorandthereader.Forexample,someaspectsoftheoreticalbiophysicsareindistinguishablefrompuremathematics.On
8、theotherhand,modernbiophysicshasmadeprofoundcontributionstosubjectsnormallyconsideredapartofclassicalbiology,suchasevolution.Inthisbookwehavenotassumedanyknowledgeofhighermathematicsonthepartofthereaderasaprerequisite.Wehaveempha