Springer.History.And.Trends.In.Bioprocessing.And.Biotransformation.Advances.In.Biochemical.Engineering.Biotechnology.Vol.75

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1、HistoryofModernGeneticsinGermanyFriederikeHammarInstituteforPhysiologicalChemistry,Johannes-Gutenberg-University,55099Mainz,Germany,e-mail:hammar@mail.uni-mainz.deThehistoryofmoderngeneticsinGermanyduringthe20thcenturyisastoryofmissedchances.IntheUSAthegeneticrevolutionopened

2、afascinatingnewfieldforambitiousscien-tistsandcreatedarapidlygrowingnewindustry.MeanwhileGermanystoodaside,combatingwithpoliticalandsocialrestrictions.PromisingyoungscientistswhowantedtoworkinthefieldleftGermanyfortheUS,andbigcompaniesmovedtheirfacilitiesoutofthecountry.Upunt

3、ilthemiddleofthe1990smolecularbiologyinGermanyremaineda“sleepingbeauty”eventhoughmanybrilliantscientistsdidtheirjobsverywell.Thenasomewhatfunnyideachangedeverything:theGermanministerforeducationandscienceproclaimedtheBioRegiocontestinordertoawardthemostpowerfulbiotechnologyre

4、gioninGermanyconcerningacademiaandespeciallyindustry.SincethenGermany’sbiotechnologyindustryhasgrownconstantlyandrapidlyduetothefoundationofanumberofsmallbiotechcompanies;bigcompanieshavere-turnedtheirinterestsandtheirinvestmentstoGermany,paralleledbyanimprovementinaca-demicr

5、esearchbecauseofmorefundingandbettersupportespeciallyforyoungerscientists.Inrespecttobiotechnologyandmolecularbiology,Germanyisstilladevelopingcountry,butithasstartedtomoveandtotakeitschancesinanexcitingglobalcompetition.Keywords.History,Moleculargenetics,Biotechindustry,Geno

6、mics,Proteomics1Introduction..............................21.1TheBirthofModernGenetics.....................21.2MolecularGeneticsGrowsUp.....................41.3SequencingtheHumanGenome...................51.4TheMaxPlanckSociety........................62The1970s:The‘FirstGeneti

7、cRevolution’–andGermany?.....82.1TheMaxDelbrückCenterinBerlin-Buch..............92.2TheGermanCenterforCancerResearchinHeidelberg......102.3TheEuropeanMolecularBiologyLaboratoryinHeidelberg....103The1980s:MolecularGeneticsStrugglingAgainstPoliticalForces113.1HoechstandInsulin–

8、ANever-EndingStory............124The1990s:ANewBeginning–‘TheSecondGe