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1、PartIV TheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)AmericanProgressthemodernizationofthenewwestColumbia,apersonificationoftheUnitedStates,leadscivilizationwestwardwithAmericansettlersthechangingformsoftransportationTheNativeAmericansandwildanimalsflee.一个人对宇宙说：“阁下，我是
2、存在的！”“不过，”传来宇宙的回答，“你的存在虽是事实，却并没有使我产生义务感。”——斯蒂芬·克莱恩HistoricalIntroductionLiteraryMovementsbetweentheCivilWarandtheFirstWorldWarTheEstablishmentofAmericanPoetryRiseoftheAmericanNovelLiteratureontheBlackBetweentheCivilWarandtheFirstWorldWarThreefundamentalconflictsr
3、eachingthebreakingpoint:TheagrarianidealofJeffersonandtheindustrialidealofHamiltonTheplantationgentilityoftheSouthandthecommercialgentilityoftheNorthAculturallymatureEastandarawandexpandingWestThegildedage:anageofexcessandextremes,ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyan
4、ddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope.I.HistoricalIntroduction美国资本主义大工业迅猛发展,迫使原住民离乡背井,这幅图画展示的就是”镀金时代”的景象1.AmericanRealism2.AmericanNaturalismIILiteraryMovementsbetweentheCivilWarandtheFirstWorldWar1.1FeaturesofAmericanRealismThelatterhalfofthe19thcenturyoriginate
5、dinFrance“realisme”(Balzac(1799-1850).Aliterarydoctrinethatcalledfor“realityandtruth”inthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.Charactersfromallsociallevelsareexaminedindepth.Beforethistimecharactersservedsomesortofallegoricalorsymbolicpurpose.1.AmericanRealismOpenending:
6、lifeiscomplexandcannotbeunderstoodFocusesoncommonnessofthelivesofthecommonpeoplewhoarecustomarilyignoredbythearts.EmphasizesobjectivityPresentsmoralvisions.1.AmericanRealism1.2RepresentativesofAmericanRealismMarkTwainWilliamDeanHowellsHenryJames1.AmericanRealism2
7、.1FeaturesofAmericanNaturalismApost-Darwinianmovementofthelate19thcenturyappliestheprinciplesofscientificdeterminationtofiction.Humans:controlledbylawsofheredityandenvironment:noautonomousactionTheuniverse:cold,godless,indifferent,hostile:socialsystemsthatdestroy
8、anddehumanizeindividualexperienceoflossandfailureSubjectmatters:violent,sensational,sordid,unpleasant,anduglyaspectsoflifewar,prostitution,criminals2.AmericanN
